Child labour and devolopment Essay Example Essay Example

Child labour and devolopment Essay Example Paper Child labour and devolopment Essay Introduction Now a yearss child labor is really popular term. What is the significance of kid labor? We can specify the kid labor in this manner child labor is work by kids, the nature and strength of which takes a batch of clip off from analyzing and causes harm to their wellness and development ( K. B. Levchenko, O.A. Kalashink, Ukraine, 2007 ) . But, can we state each and every individual cognizant from this word. If, I tell to student what they know about child labor, or what they have heard from other individual or they have learnt from telecasting, wireless, and magazine. We sure that group of different people understands the difference between acceptable signifier of work for kids and child labor and besides major ground behind the kid labor ( International Labour Organization, 2009 ) . Group of people knows the kid labor but why they are disregarding it. Child labour and devolopment Essay Body Paragraphs Working Topographic point Child labour we can see in tea stall, in grossery store, in hotel, in flat for rinsing auto or in private house. We can non state any work topographic point has left where child labor is non working. An estimated information 120 million kids between the age of five and 14 are employed in the universe ‘s topographic points runing from mills to farm, mines, and about every types of unskilled work ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . On the same manner, if we talk about African state so we find that child labor is more widespread in Ethiopia and Ghana. The net registration rate in Ethiopia is the lowest in the universe. Girls suffer comparatively more disadvantage in both the states. In both states, bulk of the kids are engaged in family activities. In Ghana, farm labor dominant while in Ethiopia, bringing fuel wood, H2O and crowding labour predominant ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . From this statement it is clear that people does non cognize, what c hild labor is? They do non cognize about exact age of the kid labor and they exploit the kids. They do non cognize any international convention. International convention gives the guideline about the minimal age of the kids for making work. This international convention explain the minimal age set out clear guideline to authorities of each states to specify the minimal age at which kids should be allowed to work. International labour organisation has introduced two different major conventions for specifying the minimal age of the kids. These conventions are- ILO Convention No. 138 on minimal age and 2nd one is ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst signifier of child labor ( International Labour Organisation study ) . REASON FOR CHILD LABOUR Child labor is serious job in all over the universe. Almost all the states are suffered with this incidence. Africa has the highest incidence of child labor in the universe. The chief ground is due to economic diminution, war, HIV/AIDS behind the k id labor in Africa. Children do non travel to school and whole twenty-four hours they do work in different topographic points. Majority of kids in Africa are engaged in house based farm and endeavors. But top administration degree is non accepted it ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . Another chief ground is described really good that there is no any strong relation has been developed between grownup and kids. So as to adult can learn them for spell to school. Because young person are the most responsible group in society so they can assist to the kids for divergence. Family members ‘ claim kids do non travel to school so, in this instance members prefer kids make some work and gain money. So here it is proved that there is no good relation between grownup and kids ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . From above discussed all the statements non depict, why do the kids work? There are many grounds behind for child labor. Poverty is the most commonly restraints which leads to do child labor. The k ids may work because they think net returns from instruction are low or negligible and the returns to work experience are high. The strength of market and establishment moderate the kid labor. In markets, tonss of plants are available so these reinforce the kids to make work. Market gives inducement to kids so they attract the kids. Generally it ‘s happens that in markets prefer child alternatively of grownup. Because, for little work grownup demand more rewards, but in instance of kid, kid ne’er demand more money and hence stay in market. On that status market gives some inducement. So this type of market status demand more figure of child labors. Market prefermore figure of child labor because, one historical analyses comes out that kid labors are easy to command and they work with full concentration. Change in engineering besides leads to do addition in demand of child labor. As a assistant market prefer more child labor. Because engineering has reduced the work burd en so they do non like grownups labour for more work in this status they demand child labour as a assistant ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . Consequence ON CHILD LABOUR Child labor is largely in developing states in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is broad distributing. This broad spreading incident causes inauspicious consequence on kid. It affects the wellness and their developmental. Due to difficult work they suffer with scrawny growing. Their work is frequently risky and has great hazard with assorted occupational diseases. In some state kids work in pesticide mills and other chemical based mills in this conditions child mortality rate has been increasing ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . Registration in school and dropout instances increase after child labor. Most informations set describe an reverse correlativity between child labor and instruction. Child maltreatment besides arises from child labor. Because kids go for work in different topographic points in instanc e of acquiring more end product store or mills proprietor abuse them. Child maltreatment is common in fabric companies, little store, in this state of affairs they are exploited by the mills proprietors. Factories proprietors exploit in sense of more on the job hours and twenty-four hours by paying same rewards ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . CHILD LABOUR AND PEOPLE VIEW Group of people say child labour non affects the kids instruction instead makes to kids self sustain. Harmonizing to human perceptual experience age of kids is for larning. If kids learn in childhood so it will be better for future. A kid earns money so it is non bad because he can gain money for paying school fee and for pocket sweeps. Many households have no get good support with economic status. In this state of affairs they send to kids for earn. Family members give support for making work because kids are the productive beginning and they can increase the wealth of the house. Most data sets descri be an reverse correlativity between instruction and child labor. If we see at micro level so it is unsurprising as these are viing usage of clip for gaining. Children from Ethiopia, kid work in rural Ethiopia may let kids to pay for school fee, and bring forthing a positive relationship with household and others ( Rose and Al-Samarrai, 1997 ) . At a clip kids can make both reading and work so it is more economical efficient. In the clip changeless job, engagement in school and work are jointly give more results. In this instance, household and child both acquire benefit. In this state of affairs add excess cost benefit in state ‘s economic system. CHILD LABOUR AND HUMAN RIGHT In some instances people think child labor is non a human right misdemeanor. I think it is illegal and promotes many societal related issues. More market demand of child labour leads to do kid trafficking. In Pakistan, kid trafficking is really serious job, where most of the trafficked Bengali kids are so ld. There are about 200,000 adult females and kids in the slave trade. Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid ( LHRLA ) of Pakistan have reported that more than 19,000 kids from the different parts chiefly from Middle East have been trafficked and all kids holding age in between 2 old ages to 11 old ages. Trafficked have been occurred through camel jockeys to the Middle East, a trade that can give cost for their lives. Human are traveling against the human right misdemeanor non merely through the kid trafficking instead they have been making child harlotry. Harmonizing to LHRLA study about 40,000 kids are in harlotry in Pakistan ( ILO-IPEC, IPEC In Action, Pakistan, 1998 ) . Unwanted group of people they call to kids with the aid of other clients. These clients come in contact with those people who are hapless, and holding no resources for income coevals. These clients give good occupation offer to their kids but, they are liar. And therefore these parents became agree to direct ain kids for work. They do non cognize what will be happened. After that these client sell them to other for few money. They do non cognize what humanistic disciplines are? They pick kid from needed household or hapless household, sometime they forcefully pick kids from the family. They forcefully send the kids in to madrassas for preparation as a activist ( ILO-IPEC, IPEC In Action, Pakistan, 1998 ) . They are work against human right. Children are come on Earth for making better development non for development. Many Torahs have been made by different bureau and organisation against child labor. Main maps of the Torahs are to protect kid lives and supply better platform for development. Children ‘s Right International Mission is to advance the meaningful execution of the United Nations Conventions on the Right of the Child ( ‘the Convention ‘ ) by conveying together Judgess, attorneies, instructors, professionals, and other protagonism to advance, protect and move on the involvement of kids. The mission of CRI is to supervise and promote the success application of the rule of the Convention and besides to develop and help the individual in kids ‘s right protagonism ( Bill Jackson, Australia, 2008 ) . In favour of kids ‘s right the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) has been introduced Torahs in signifiers of Child Labour Convention No. 182 ( C182 ) and ( R190 ) , address the right issues whether new attacks to protecting the kids ‘s right and fulfilment of their demand ( Bill Jackson, Australia, 2008 ) . Child trafficking is a end point of child labors so authorities which have non yet use scheme so for commanding trafficking should use UN protocol to prevents and should make full spread between authorities policy and pattern ( Mike Dottridge, 2004 ) . CHILD LABOUR AND DEVELOPMENT To do universe free from child labor so foremost we have to alter our head set up. We know all the things but wittingly we have done. We will hold to alter our perceptual experience. Children are guiltless and do non cognize about huge universe. We should give regard to kids ‘s right and labour rights. Labour rights to happen in supply concatenation. Many big companies of the universe like Reebok International Ltd. , Levi Strauss, IKEA say ‘no child labor ‘ . ( A. Balaguer, UNICEF ) . These companies do non work with concern spouses that use child labor. These companies are profit doing but they no societal norms and duties. On the other manus other companies do non give regard to kids ‘s right and labor rights and they start development of the labor particularly child labor. these companies ever arrange run intoing on homo right criterions and ever making scrutinizing and monitoring to forestall child labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour and devolopment Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour and devolopment Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour and devolopment Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Trials And Tribulations Of Bill

The Trials and Tribulations of Bill I am the root of all evil. I am the solution to poverty. I can make you dead, or alive. I have been placed in the vaults of important men, used for the purchase of a house, I have been used for the salvation of souls in purgatory, a child’s first bike. I shape the lives of all I touch in an irrefutable way, irreversible change is what I represent, infinite connotation. I am inspiration and I am degradation, this is my existence, my identity. My dream, my drive to survive all this bullshit is to one day be used to feed the mouth of a hungry child. You’ll see the daily crap I have to go through, with no control only an immense awareness and an impeccable memory, it is a blessing and a damnation at once. Simultaneous contradiction is my state of being. I once was crisp and clean, starched and bright, now I’m tattered and torn, dirty and worn yet my value is unchanging. This is my identity, my saga, and my drama. I have existed for thousands of years with unerring significance and power. Currently an aspect of me, F36360810R, resides in the Donation Jar at 7/11. F36360810R will be telling you about his own life, in order for you to gain better insight into your own exploits, and debaucheries. Little thought is given to the origins and adventures that a single Federal Reserve note has. I am F36360810R, but you may call me Bill. I am but a part in a much larger matrix, my importance is minimal but I am also the keystone of the whole operation. I’m staying at the fabulous Donation Jar at 7/11; it’s a great place really much better than the last dump I stayed in. It is my dream to be used to feed somebody; I have been used for many other purposes but have never fed anyone. That’s why I’m so excited to be in this jar, my intended final destination is Ethiopia where I will be used to save children from starvation. You may be curiou... Free Essays on Trials And Tribulations Of Bill Free Essays on Trials And Tribulations Of Bill The Trials and Tribulations of Bill I am the root of all evil. I am the solution to poverty. I can make you dead, or alive. I have been placed in the vaults of important men, used for the purchase of a house, I have been used for the salvation of souls in purgatory, a child’s first bike. I shape the lives of all I touch in an irrefutable way, irreversible change is what I represent, infinite connotation. I am inspiration and I am degradation, this is my existence, my identity. My dream, my drive to survive all this bullshit is to one day be used to feed the mouth of a hungry child. You’ll see the daily crap I have to go through, with no control only an immense awareness and an impeccable memory, it is a blessing and a damnation at once. Simultaneous contradiction is my state of being. I once was crisp and clean, starched and bright, now I’m tattered and torn, dirty and worn yet my value is unchanging. This is my identity, my saga, and my drama. I have existed for thousands of years with unerring significance and power. Currently an aspect of me, F36360810R, resides in the Donation Jar at 7/11. F36360810R will be telling you about his own life, in order for you to gain better insight into your own exploits, and debaucheries. Little thought is given to the origins and adventures that a single Federal Reserve note has. I am F36360810R, but you may call me Bill. I am but a part in a much larger matrix, my importance is minimal but I am also the keystone of the whole operation. I’m staying at the fabulous Donation Jar at 7/11; it’s a great place really much better than the last dump I stayed in. It is my dream to be used to feed somebody; I have been used for many other purposes but have never fed anyone. That’s why I’m so excited to be in this jar, my intended final destination is Ethiopia where I will be used to save children from starvation. You may be curiou...

Project Management Academic Project Report Essay

Project Management Academic Project Report - Essay Example Enthusiasm about chances for success of this project is disagreed upon weakly (3). Support from top management another strong critical factor scoring an average percentile of 64.5 percent. Both the EMEA general manager and EMEA project manager indicated a 66 percent score, the head office engineers recorded an 83 percent score and EMEA engineers came in with the lowest score of 43 percent. It is moderately disagreed (2) that the management will support project personnel in a crisis (Pinto 1990, 173). The third strong factor in EMEA project is the technical tasks that, on average, had a percentile score of 82.25%. EMEA project manager had the highest individual percentile score in regards to technical tasks, 94% while head office engineers scored 89% on their ranking for technical tasks. The EMEA general manager was third, scoring a 77%, while EMEA engineers were last with a 69% score. There was, however, no disagreement on technical support. The average percentile score of 60.5% qualifies client acceptance as the other strong critical factor in the set of ten. EMEA project manager had the highest percentile score of 97% with respect to client acceptance and the head office engineers followed with a 63% score. EMEA engineers scored 51% on client acceptance while EMEA general manager scored the least with a 31%. It is weakly disagreed (3) that there is adequate presentation of the project has been developed for clients (Pinto 1990, 173). The average percentile score for monitoring and feedback as the other strong critical factor is 63.5%. EMEA project manager had the highest individual percentile score in monitoring and feedback, scoring 89%. EMEA general manager was second with an individual percentile score of 77% and EMEA engineers who scored 51% followed. The lowest scorer in monitoring and feedback were the head office engineers with a 37%. It is moderately disagreed (2) that the actual progress is regularly compared with the project

Religious Cultural artifacts of India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Cultural artifacts of India - Essay Example Amongst the most vivacious illustration of admired visual art found in Indian towns and cities are the religious posters and calendars showing saints, and places of reverence and worship, obtainable at many roadside stalls near temples, mosques, and ornamented at walls inside homes, shops, or in worship-corners. While such visual depiction may have existed in the past in popular forms of painting, the introduction of printing press and the mass construction industry in the 20th century transformed it into a matured mass culture, characterized by its own popular aesthetics, the interpretation of the myths, and the marketing strategy. While it is simple to find religious posters and charts for a Hindu follower in hefty numbers and variety, it is also not difficult to get posters depicting Muslim themes and legends. Although most Muslim posters available in India portray the shrines at Mecca and Medina or the Quranic verses in calligraphy, one can also discover the portraits of saints, their shrines, and the miracles, represented as brilliantly as in a typical Hindu mythological picture. The metaphors of the shrines at Mecca and Medina in Saudi-Arabia, the major religious center for the Muslims, are the most extensively used sanctified icons of popular culture amongst Muslim population all over the world. The cube-shaped shrine of Mecca, to which the Muslims turn for prayers, and the green dome of Medina, surrounded by the minarets, the names Allah and Muhammad in large Arabic calligraphy, and possibly, a crescent and star, are icons that can be seen in almost every Muslim family in some structure or the other - a photo realistic painting or a creative variation, by a performer who probably never gone to Arabia, or may not essentially be a Muslim! As the creation of portraits, other than that of Mecca and Medina, is generally not considered as a right act in Islam, the written words are of supreme importance, the calligraphy of Quranic verses and other blessed tex ts is the next preference of the Muslim artists. For years, the Perso-Arabic calligraphists have also been making art with the 'pictorialization' of the text, turning words into shapes of animals, birds, human postures, and other inanimate objects. This, even though has been treasured in the Muslim world as a innovation, has also met with some disapproval. Nevertheless, one can find a wide variety of calligraphic themes in the Indian trendy posters. The more appealing theme, the heart of this study, is the interpretation of Muslim saints, their miracles and other tradition. Many posters depict the images of the mausoleums or the tomb complexes of famous saints, often with the personage of the saint himself, complete with the icons of his strange mythology and miracles, such as the vicious animals he disciplined, the oceans he crossed on barefoot, and so on. Similar to the tradition of Hindu gods and goddesses, the Muslim saints are shown with extra charisma and glowing personalities , wearing imposing robes and turbans. CULTURAL ARTIFACT AND ITS IMPACT: The religious posters participate actively in what can be called the stereotyping of the representation of certain communities and of the genders. A young woman or a child, if

My Six Millennium Development Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Six Millennium Development Goals - Essay Example While the world most powerful countries boost of their economic achievement, some communities in developing nations lavish in extreme poverty. The stories about people living in extreme poverty are not only sickening but also heartbreaking. It is arguable that when a person lives in poverty, he or she is not able to acquire other necessities such as education, good healthcare among others. The World Bank and the UN have indicated that they have made incredible work in ameliorating the poverty scourge. If I were to assign a letter grade to this specific goal, I would give it an A. This is due to the fact that the United Nations shows efforts to eradicate poverty irrespective of the fierce financial crisis. The target for the extreme poverty MDG is to reduce the current prevalence by half. The UN report shows that many communities leaving under extreme poverty lacked essential needs such as water, food, and shelter. The aforementioned needs are critical to human existence. The progress ive report indicates that the project would meet its deadline. Liberty activists contend that extreme poverty is an indication of deprived rights. Most governments are part of UN accord, which advocates for human liberty. Hunger hampers social and economic development because it influences the ability of an individual to contribute towards nation building. This MDG is critical to the future of the world because the liberty that the society claims to enjoy is evident through social interactions.... The aforementioned needs are critical to human existence. The progressive report indicates that the project would meet its deadline. Liberty activists contend that extreme poverty is an indication of deprived rights. Most governments are part of UN accord, which advocates for human liberty. Target 1 B/ Fight against Hunger Hunger hampers social and economic development because it influences the ability of an individual to contribute towards nation building. This MDG is critical to the future of the world because the liberty that the society claims to enjoy is evident through social interactions. Social theorist believe that the fabric that holds the society depend on human satisfaction. Unfortunately, hunger influences a person’s contribution to social growth. Factors, which limit individual independence, may attract social delinquency in meeting these needs. For instance, a hungry society may not be able to think beyond a means that would enable it to receive food. This means criminal activities are options that the community can adapt to fight hunger. The grade I would assign United Nations in this goal is A- since fighting hunger with the present financial and climate instabilities is hard. The target of this goal is halve the prevalence rate by 2015. The United Nations and the World Bank have contributed in reducing the prevalence of hunger by initiating projects that will empower the affected communities. The UN and World Bank have collaborated with the respective governments in the affected regions such as Sub Saharan Africa, funding sustainable agricultural projects in order to empower the society. The aim of such project intends to

Characteristics of the Clothing Industry

Characteristics of the Clothing Industry The high quality fashion market is based on modern technology which has a relatively well paid labour force and designers with various degrees of flexibility. Many firms within this industry try to capture the market through various designs which is targeted at meeting the taste and preference of consumers. Most of the firms under the high quality fashion markets are in the developed and industrialized countries. The mass production low-quality/standard products markets are found in the developing countries. These categories are basically involved in the production of uniforms, under wears, t-shirts and many more. They are found in exporting zones working with major importers if the industrialized countries. Outsourcing in this market is basically to household productions, (Nordas, 2004). The Clothing industries operate under free import quotas. This means that both clothing and textile industries do not have to pay import tariffs when importing raw materials connected to clothing and textiles. These tariffs are made possible by the World Trade Organisation, to improve the importation of varied clothing among producing countries. As a result of the protectionism, many developing countries producing clothing were able to survive the industry. This however did not go well with the developed countries since there were great competition between the developing countries like China and the developed countries. On the part of employment, the industry has engaged the services of millions of people worldwide and also with other individuals who are not registered but work in their homes and factories. The industry was the first to trade on a global dimension, simply because of the low barriers in entering the production of clothing. The industry is governed by the international labour laws, employing the most sensitive part of the labour force with females and ethnic minority as the leading employees. Most of the employees are immigrants. The European community, and the US and UK also have blacks as the major employees of the industry. Most of the producing countries in the developing world have females as the majority of employees in the industry. As indicated above, the total labour force of the clothing industry is made up of 80% of women. This is largely due to the fact that women are immobile and therefore are able to take care of domestic chores. A greater number of the female workforce is also unskilled or semi-skilled. In the developing countries, many of the workers spend up to 12-14 hours per day and are paid with very low wages, THE PRODUCTION CIRCUIT The clothing industry is part of a large circuit which involves the production of textiles. The industry is more fragmented organisationally and less technological in nature. The industry outsource most of it components and products. The garment industry therefore produces to unpredicted consumer markets. The industry serves as a distribution point for all garments. Through retailer efforts, the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s geography has been shaped accordingly. The industry is also known as a buyer driven industry, in the sense that they purchase most of the raw materials from producing countries worldwide. There are six stages that individual producing countries have passed through, that is from the embryonic stage to the maturity and decline stage of the development process of the clothing industry. This can be seen in (Figure 1 below). The stages indicate how raw materials flow within the industry, from the fabric production stage, design, preparation, production, distribution and consumption stage. In the reverse state is the information flow from customer orders down to the fabric production stage. There is no much technological change since inception of the clothing industry. The majority still uses the manual operations due to the complex nature of the production process. The clothing industry can be related to a supply chain function, where activities flow from raw materials to textile designs, apparel plants through distribution centers and other retail stores to consumers. The chain is seen as an integrated network of marketing from production stage to the finish product to consumers. The various activities are located where each can be able to make a contribution to the value of the finished product. The various variables considered in the industry include quality, cost, reliability, access to quality inputs and transportation cost. From the figure 2 above, the black lines represents the flow of goods whereas the white lines represent the flow of information. The arrows indicate Demand-Pull System, where the design of a product is made from customer orders, (Nordas, 2004). The supply chain indicates the interplay of several companies, where logistics and other services are coordinated. In the industrialized countries, most companies engage the ser vices of consultants or independent service providers in the provision of logistics. PRODUCTION COST AND TECHNOLOGY The clothing industry is characterized by low intensity of capital and high intensity of labour. The plant size is very small with simple technology. Figure 4 represent percentage of leading exporters of Clothing worldwide. The figure compares percentage of 2000 and 2011. Asia dominates the clothing industry in-terms of exports with over 50% of world market. China has doubled their share within 11years of operation, with approx. 37% of the total exports worldwide. Closely followed is the European Union and Euro extra with a combined total of 35% of world export share, which I a combination of intra regional exports. Figure 5 represents share in value for exporters for 2011. China leads with 38% representing 154 billion Dollars in 2011, (www.wto.org) European union closely follows with 36% of Share in value representing 144billion US Dollars including intra regional trade. Bangladesh also did better in 2011 with a share in value of 5%, representing an amount of 20billion US Dollars, www.wto.org). LEADING IMPORTERS ( SHARE IN VALUE AND PERCENTAGE) The EU is the leading importer of clothing worldwide, with combined percentage of 67.2% of total imports. The EU imports much of its clothing from China. Available records indicates that EU imports about 39% if Clothing from China, 14% from Turkey, 7.7% from India, 6.3% from Bangladesh and 3.6% from Tunisia, ( www.ec.europa.eu). It is also evidenced that China exports clothing more than imports. Whereas China leads in exporting clothing, in-terms of imports, they only imports about 0.90% of world clothing. The US is the second largest importer of clothing as evidenced on figure 4 above. The US imports about 20.5% of clothing in the country, followed by Japan with 7.6%. The remaining countries imports less than 3% worldwide respectively, (WTO 2011 chart II.69) The share in value for the leading importer of clothing (EU) is 60%, representing an amount of 290Billion Dollars. The EU is therefore the largest importer of clothing worldwide. The US is the second largest importer of clothing with about 18% share in value, representing 89 Billion US Dollars TOP TEN SUPPLIERS The clothing industry has about ten major suppliers. China plays a leading role with about 29.45million Euros in 2011 as compared to 2007 where it made a supply of approximately 21.9million Euros. Bangladesh also improved in their supply in 2011 with 7.5million Euros as compared with 2007 with a supply of 4.4million Euros. India also had a slight increase in supply for 2011 with approximately 4.5million Euros as compared to 2007 where the supply was approx. 3.8million Euros. However, Turkey had a decline in supply in 2011 with an amount of 8.2million Euros as compared with 2007 with approx. 8.9million Euros. Other countries like Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Vietnam had their supply below 2million Euros as evidenced on figure 2. Top 10 suppliers in clothing (million Euros) Basic characteristics of the industry (share in value added and employment, structure and  characteristics of the production process) The role of trade policy (multilateral tariffs and quotas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“grey area protectionism, trade conflicts, preferential trade, etc.) Trade policies are rules and regulations governing the operations of international trade among countries worldwide. Trade policies play a major role in the industrialization of the clothing and textiles market. Regarding market access, trade policies TEXTILES AND CLOTHING AGREEMENT The textiles and clothing industry has long history in-terms of agreement for protection in trade across the US and Europe. Voluntary export restraints were agreed upon by China, Japan, Hong Kong, and India to enable them export cotton products to the US in the 1950s. The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs were incorporated in the agreement with the Long Term Agreement (LTA) on Cotton. This agreement was later replaced by the Multi-Fibre Agreement in 1974, (Nordas, 2004). The main purpose of the MFA was to open up the restricted markets so to limit the disruptions of markets. The MFA was also extended to cover all man-made fibres in-terms of restrictions. However, according to Nordas 2004, the MFA violated the multilateral system principles as follows: The most favoured principle was not adhered to Instead applying tariffs, it rather applied quantitative restrictions Developing countries were discriminated against It was not also very transparent for easy understanding By 1st January, 2005, the Textiles and Clothing were fully integrated in GATT which also gave way for quotas to be fully integrated making it easy for member countries to trade without trade barriers. In the views of Nordas, the eliminating quotas lead to welfare economic gains of about 42% of the Uruguay round liberation, and about 65% for dynamic models. In her view, Nordas indicated that much of the Welfare gains went to the importing countries where as the exporting countries made welfare loss through the static version of the model and welfare gain through the dynamic model. A tripartite committee report on promoting fair globalization in textiles and clothing indicates that phasing out quotas will benefit China, being the leader in exporting of clothing in the industry, where as the importing countries will lose market share, (www.ilo.org) . The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) ended in 2004, which led to an increase in competition in the clothing market. Some countries were affected as a result of the new entrants of the Asian countries like Vietnam and Cambodia, and other competitors like India and Bangladesh which are traditional exporters. This led to a decline in the importation of clothing from the affected countries by the US at an annual rate of 13.4%. With the implementation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) which were imposed by the US and EU on the importation of textiles and clothing from China, inroads were created for some developing countries to experience marginal growth in their exports. The PTAs also made it possible for small countries like Madagascar and Haiti to increase their exports by 26% and 15% respectively, (www.ito.org). THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT The US Free Trade Agreements has given the textiles and apparel industry the opportunity to enter in the world market and compete freely. The agreement enables the reduction of tariffs rates and improves the intellectual property rules and regulations, (Web.ita.doc.gov). The US has therefore signed agreements with the following countries and Institutions on textile and clothing industry. Notable among them are; Australia, Bahrain, CAFTA-DR, Chile, Colombia, Israel, Korea, Morocco, NAFTA, Oman, Panama, Peru and Singapore, (www.otexa.ita.doc). These agreements assist foreign governments to ensure that non-discriminating laws and regulations are enforced to streamline trade relations between the US and member countries, (www.otexa.ita.doc). The FTA provides that transparent measures be put in place for effective rules to be enforced. The FTA also ensures that all non-tariff barriers are removed completely, which opens the markets of the member countries to the US products. Under this ag reement, all goods that qualify are said to be duty free the US markets.

aristotle Essay examples -- essays research papers

Aristotle Politics Aristotle in his book politics, argues that the political association is the highest form of human association , and making all his conclusions based on the assumption that ‘polis’ is the best and only sensible political system. He further adds that political association is the most sovereign and aims at the highest good Politics is largely an attempt to determine or rather prove that political association is the best suited way for securing the happiness of its members or as called in ‘politics’ the citizens .The interest of the polis and its citizens were seen to be the same since both the city and man aimed for happiness as the ultimate goal. According to Aristotle, life has no existence outside the confines of the city and that it is not the city that exists to serve the needs of the individual but is a mere part and the city is more important than the individual Aristotle’s admiration of the social system in a polis shows his support to the slavery. The polis consisted of citizens which men were born to citizen parent’s women children and slaves. Men were considered to be the only rational creation and had to engage and contribute in the political association of the city, while slaves were used for work. Aristotle’s above argument had some major weakness and flaws in it, he address the salves as non-rational, and it’s in there best interest to serve there masters, who would give them a rational vision. The main drawbac...

Beowulf and the Hero’s Journey

Joseph Campbell’s term monomyth can be described as a hero’s journey. Many heroic characters follow the monomyth, no matter the time period or culture the literature was created in. The poem Beowulf is known to follow the adventure of the hero described in Campbell’s monomyth . The hero’s journey consists of three rites of passages: separation, initiation, and return. Beowulf endures each of these stages throughout the epic poem, so his journey does follow Campbell’s monomyth. The separation is the first stage a hero must go through in his or her journey. This stage consists of â€Å"a blunder -apparently the merest chance- reveals an unsuspected world, and the individual is drawn into a relationship with forces that are not rightly understood. † (42) This is known as the hero’s call to adventure. In Beowulf, Beowulf â€Å"heard how Grendel filled nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat fitted out. † (197-98) Beowulf couldn’t stay away when he heard that help was greatly needed defeating Grendel; he accumulated his men right away and shipped off to Denmark. The next step is the refusal to call. Beowulf does not refuse to go on this adventure because of his honor. He believes he is the strongest Geat and can defeat anything. Following this step is supernatural aid. Supernatural aid â€Å"provides the adventurer with amulets against the dragon forces he is about to pass. † (Campbell 57) In Beowulf the help can be considered God. Beowulf often thanks God for helping him on his journey. For instance, â€Å"He relied on for help on the Lord of All, on His care and favour. † (1271-72) The final stage in separation is the crossing of the threshold. In this case the threshold can be considered the ocean. Beowulf and his crew had to cross the ocean in order to come to Denmark to kill Grendel. When they arrive in Denmark they are basically starting their adventure right then, vowing to try and protect. The second rite of passage in the monomyth is initiation. â€Å" The hero moves in a dream landscape or curiously fluid, ambiguous forms, where he must survive a succession of trials. † (Campbell 81) This is known as the road of trials. Beowulf is tested when Grendel’s mother retaliates to her son’s death. She lashes out and kills Hrothgar’s best man. Then, Beowulf goes down into her cave where he duels her. He nearly loses his life when both his sword and armor fail him. â€Å"No sword could slice her evil skin , that Hrunting could not hurt her, was useless now when he needed it. † (1521-24) He took a magical sword that was hanging on her wall and killed her with it. Beowulf’s helpers in this stage would be the sword and God. Without the sword he would not have been to kill Grendel’s mother. Beowulf relies on God’s help and often gives Him thanks after a battle is over. The next stage in his journey is the climax or final battle. After defeating Grendel’s mother, Beowulf returns to his hometown where he reigns as king for fifty years. He is a good king, keeping peace in his country. After fifty years of peace, a fire-breathing dragon is awoken, so he must go protect his people. Beowulf and his warriors venture out to the dragon’s lair. He goes in alone, confident that he can defeat the beast. He is sadly mistaken; Beowulf’s armor starts to melt and his sword breaks against the dragon‘s scaly back. He was left there to die when all of his fellow warriors ran away cowardly into the woods. Only one brave soldier remained: Wiglaf. The final stage in initiation is the hero’s flight. This story’s flight is Wiglaf saving Beowulf. Wiglaf runs into the dragon’s home with honor saying, â€Å"I’d rather burn myself than see flames swirling around my lord. † (2651-52) Wiglaf defeated the monster, but couldn’t save Beowulf. One of the dragon’s tusks have been stabbed into his neck, making it impossible to save him. As death surrounded Beowulf, he made Wiglaf the new ruler of the Geats. This was the final stage in the initiation of Beowulf’s journey The final rite of passage is the return. The return is the end of the hero’s adventure. Campells states, â€Å"his return is described as coming back out of the yonder zone. † (188) When Beowulf dies, peace is lost in his country. His country ultimately returns to fighting and war. The end is really the beginning for a new ruler, Wiglaf, and a new time period of fighting. The final part of the hero’s journey is the elixir. An elixir is something the hero obtained during his journey that can be shared with society. It often defines the hero’s role in the society. Beowulf’s elixir could be considered his story. Beowulf brought insight to his people and to the Danes that one can defeat demons and receive redemption. He showed them this when he defeated both Grendel and his mother and battled the dragon. Additionally, Beowulf’s blessing of peace could be considered the elixir. While he was in rule, his land was safe. He kept peace for his people. Beowulf acquired this peace by defeating Grendel and proving that he was strong. The final rite of passage in the hero’s journey is basically just returning back to the beginning, or where the hero was at before his adventure started. Beowulf is a great example of Campbell’s monomyth. â€Å"The standard path of the mythological adventure of the hero is a magnification of the formula represented in the rites of passage: separation — initiation — return: which might be named the nuclear unit of the monomyth. (Campbell 23) Beowulf’s journey follows each of these passages. First, is the separation. Beowulf begins his journey here and defeats Grendel. Next, is the initiation. Beowulf defeats Grendel’s mother, becomes king of the Geats, and battles the dragon in this stage. Finally, is the return. After he dies, peace is lost. The land he once ruled returns to a land of war and fighting. Although Beowulf does not exac tly follow the hero’s journey, he does follow the main points Campbell makes in his monomyth. In conclusion, Beowulf follows the monomyth on his adventure.

The Different Types of Private Schools

The Different Types of Private Schools Did you know there are more than 30,000 private schools in the United States? It can be a bit overwhelming; the possibilities for finding a quality education are virtually endless. Add to this mix, that there are many different types of schools that exist for families to choose from. Lets take a look at some of the different types of private schools that exist and what the benefits of each option might be for you.   Private School or Independent School You may not know this, but all independent schools are considered private schools. But, not all private schools are independent. Whats the difference between the two? Funding. Thats truly the one thing that separates an independent school from the rest of the private schools. Boarding Schools Boarding Schools  can simply be defined as private schools where students also live. These residential schools bring together students from all different states and even countries to live and learn in one environment. The diversity at boarding schools is usually much greater than a private day school because of the residential aspect. Students live in dormitories, similar to the college experience, and have dorm parents who also reside on campus in the dorms, as well as in separate houses on campus. Often, because students live on campus, there are more opportunities for them to participate in after-school activities, as well as weekend and evening events. Boarding school opens up more opportunities for involvement at school than a day school and can give students more independence as they learn to live on their own without their parents in a nurturing and supportive environment, which can make the transition to college much easier. Single-Sex Schools As the name suggests, these are schools that are designed around educating only one gender. These schools can be boarding or day schools, but focus on the aspects of living and learning that best support one gender. Often, military schools may be all boys, and all girls schools are known for their traditions of sisterhood and empowerment. Read this article from Laurel, a graduate of an all-girls boarding school and her story of  how the experience changed her life.   Classical Christian Schools A Christian school is one which adheres to Christian teachings. A classical Christian school emphasizes biblical teachings and incorporates a teaching model consisting of three parts: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. Country Day Schools The term country day school conjures up visions of a lovely school setting on the edge of a field or woods somewhere. Thats the idea, and typically this type of educational institution is truly a day school, meaning students dont reside on campus, like at a boarding school.   Special Needs Schools Special needs schools cover a wide range of learning disabilities including ADD/ADHD, dyslexia and other learning syndromes. They have the specially trained and certificated staff necessary to teach children with learning disabilities. These schools can also be therapeutic in nature and can benefit students who have behavioral and discipline issues. Military Schools There are over 35 private military schools in the United States. If your son or daughter dreams of a military career, then you ought to consider these fine schools seriously. Often, military schools carry a stereotype of being schools for students who need stronger discipline, but many of these schools are highly selective in nature, with rigorous academics, high expectations for student performance, and a focus on developing strong leaders. While many military schools are all boys by design, there are some that accept female students. Montessori Schools Montessori schools follow the teachings and philosophy of Dr. Maria Montessori. They are schools that only serve elementary and middle school students, with the highest grade served being eighth. Some Montessori Schools work with children as young as infants, while the vast majority - 80% to be exact - start with students ages 3-6. The approach to Montessori learning is very student-centric, with students leading the way in learning, and teachers serving more as mentors and guides throughout the process. Its a highly progressive approach, with a lot of hands-on learning. Waldorf Schools Rudolf Steiner invented Waldorf schools. Their style of teaching and the curriculum are unique. Founded in Germany in 1919, the Waldorf schools were originally founded for workers at the Waldorf Astoria Cigarette Company, at the request of the director. Waldorf schools are considered highly teacher directed. A unique aspect of Waldorf Schools is that traditional academic subjects are introduced later in life than other schools, with a strong focus on imaginative activities in the early years.   Religious and Cultural Schools Many parents want their children to be educated in a school where their religious beliefs are a focal point rather than just an add-on. There are plenty of schools to accommodate every religious requirement. These schools may be of any faith, but have the values of the religion at the core of their educational philosophies. While students dont necessarily have to be of the same religion as the school (this may vary from institution to institution) many schools do require a specific course of study related to the faith and culture. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

Definition and Examples of Regionalisms in English

Definition and Examples of Regionalisms in English Regionalism is a  linguistic term for a word, expression, or pronunciation favored by speakers in a particular geographic area. Many regionalisms [in the U.S.] are relics, notes R.W. Burchfield: words brought over from Europe, chiefly the British Isles, and preserved in one area or another either because of the continuance of older ways of life in these localities, or because a particular type of English  was early established and has not been fully overlaid or undermined (Studies in Lexicography, 1987). In practice, dialect expressions and regionalisms often overlap, but the terms are not identical. Dialects  tend to be associated with groups of people while  regionalisms are  associated with geography. Numerous regionalisms can be found within a particular dialect. The largest and most authoritative collection of regionalisms in American English is the six-volume  Dictionary of American Regional English  (DARE), published between 1985 and 2013. The digital edition of DARE was launched in 2013.   Etymology From the Latin, to ruleExamples and Observations The following definitions were adapted from the  Dictionary of American Regional English.flannel cake  (n) A pancake.  (Usage: Appalachians)flea in ones ear  (n) A hint, warning, disquieting disclosure; a rebuke.  (Usage: chiefly the Northeast)mulligrubs  (n) A condition of despondency or ill temper; a vague or imaginary unwellness.  (Usage: scattered, but especially the South)nebby  (adj) Snoopy, inquisitive.  (Usage: chiefly Pennsylvania)pungle  (v) To shell out; to plunk down (money); to pay up.  (Usage: chiefly West)say-so  (n) An ice-cream cone.  (Usage: scattered)(Celeste Headlee, Regional Dictionary Tracks The Funny Things We Say. Weekend Edition on National Public Radio, June 14, 2009) Pop vs. Soda In the [American] South it’s called Coke, even when it’s Pepsi. Many in Boston say tonic. A precious few even order a fizzy drink. But the debate between those soft drink synonyms is a linguistic undercard in the nation’s carbonated war of words. The real battle: pop vs. soda. (J. Straziuso, Pop vs. Soda Debate. Associated Press, September 12, 2001) Turnpike In Delaware, a turnpike refers to any highway, but in Florida, a turnpike is a toll road. (T. Boyle, The Gremlins of Grammar. McGraw-Hill, 2007) Sack and Poke Sack and poke were both originally regional terms for bag. Sack has since become a Standard term like bag, but poke remains regional, mainly in South Midland Regional dialect. (Kenneth Wilson, The Columbia Guide to Standard American English, 1993) Regionalism in England What some call a roll, others call a bun, or a cob, or a bap, or a bannock, while in other areas [of England] more than one of these words is used with different meanings for each.(Peter Trudgill, The Dialects of England. Wiley, 1999)How do you make your tea? If you come from Yorkshire you probably ‘mash’ it, but people in Cornwall are more likely to ‘steep’ it or ‘soak’ it and southerners often ‘wet’ their tea.(Leeds Reporter, March 1998) Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) As chief editor of the Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE), a massive effort to collect and record local differences in American English, I spend my days researching the countless examples of regional words and phrases and trying to track their origins. Launched in 1965 at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the project is based on thousands of interviews, newspapers, government records, novels, letters, and diaries. . . .[E]ven as we near the finish line, I encounter a common misperception: people seem to think that American English has become homogenized, making the dictionary a catalog of differences long since flattened out by media, business, and population shifts. There’s a grain of truth to that. Certain regional terms have been weakened by commercial influences, like Subway’s sub sandwich, which seems to be nibbling away at hero, hoagie, and grinder. It’s also true that strangers tend to talk to each other in a somewhat homogeneous voca bulary, and that more Americans are moving away from their linguistic homes as they relocate for school, work, or love.But DARE’s research shows that American English is as varied as ever. The language is diversified by immigration, of course, but also people’s creative license and the resilient nature of local dialects. We have dozens of ways to refer to a remote place, for instance, including the boonies, the sticks, the tules, the puckerbrush, and the willywags. The proverbial village idiot, in such a place, might still be described as unfit to carry guts to a bear or pour piss out of a boot. If his condition is temporary, a Southerner might call him swimmy-headed, meaning dizzy. And if his home is dirty, a Northeasterner might call it skeevy, an adaptation of schifare, the Italian verb to disgust.As these examples suggest, the regionalisms that persist are often not those we learn from books or teachers or newspapers; they are the words we use with friends and fami ly, the phrases we’ve known forever and never questioned until someone from away remarked on them.  (Joan Houston Hall, How to Speak American. Newsweek, August 9, 2010) Regionalisms in the American South Vocabulary is . . . strikingly different in various parts of the South. Nowhere but in the Deep South is the Indian-derived bobbasheely, which William Faulkner employed in The Reivers, used for a very close friend, and only in Northern Maryland does manniporchia (from the Latin mania a potu, craziness from drink) [mean] the D.T.s (delirium tremens). Small tomatoes would be called tommytoes in the mountains (tommy-toes in East Texas, salad tomatoes in the plains area, and cherry tomatoes along the coast). Depending on where you are in the South, a large porch can be a veranda, piazza, or gallery; a burlap bag can be a tow sack, crocus sack, or grass sack; pancakes can be flittercakes, fritters, corncakes, or battercakes; a harmonica can be a mouth organ or french harp; a closet can be a closet or a locker; and a wishbone can be a wishbone or pulley bone. There are hundreds of synonyms for a cling peach (green peach, pickle peach, etc.), kindling wood (lightning wood, lighted knots) an d a rural resident (snuff chewer, kicker, yahoo).  (Robert Hendrickson, The Facts on File Dictionary of American Regionalisms. Facts on File, 2000) Pronunciation: REE-juh-na-LIZ-um

Darwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Darwin - Essay Example This paper is a discussion in favor of Charles Darwin and natural selection theory. The paper will look at the components necessary for natural selection and examples that concur with the natural selection theory. It will investigate various ideas presented by Darwin (thesis). In the theory of natural selection, only the fittest species will exist. The paper will also highlight circumstances where natural selection does not play a part in survival (counter thesis). Response Charles Darwin presumed all animals and plants had progressed from a minimal usual ancestor through the process of natural selection. Both animals and plants give rise to a number of young ones, but several of the young plants and animals are extinct before they can grow into adulthood or reach maturity. Natural selection establishes which constituents of a species exist and reproduce, and which ones become extinct prematurely (Maynard 23). This is evident in our everyday life, for instance, in a location that exp eriences calamities such as war or famine, only people who are able to adapt to the harsh conditions of lack of food, shelter, or diseases, are the ones who are able to continue to exist during or after the calamities. In addition, all living elements must fight for an inadequate supply of space, water, food, and other necessary things in an environment. It is factual that the individual animals and plants whose features are adequately modified to situations have an upper hand in the struggle for resources, and consequently, the survival. On average, these species have a tendency to produce a large amount of young ones in comparison to other species in their unit. Accordingly, the population of the unit having the same features as the best-adapted species augments from one generation to the next. In my view, the term fitness may be utilized to refer to an organism’s capacity to produce offspring (Gould 47). Therefore it is appropriate to refer to the theory of natural selecti on as survival for the fittest. There are a number of natural selection forms. They comprise sexual selection, stabilizing selection, and directional selection. Sexual selection is primarily evident among the animal species. Similar to natural selection, adults of numerous populations have a preference for mating partners who exhibit specified external features or behaviors. It may be argued that sexual selection illustrates why males of numerous bird populations contain extra colorful feathers than their female counterparts. Stabilizing selection takes place if a group is adequately adapted to its surrounding. In this situation, the populations with common features produce the most offspring, and individuals who are the most dissimilar reproduce the least number of offspring. In addition, stabilizing selection removes tremendous traits, lessening the quantity of dissimilarity in a group. This makes stabilizing selection the most widespread form of natural selection. Finally, direct ional selection creates new traits that assist a population to become accustomed to its surrounding (Maynard 24). This is what is mostly perceived as natural selection by numerous individuals. Moreover, for natural selection to function appropriately, a number of requirements should be met. One, the members of the population should be different in their hereditary features. Organisms in different species illustrate a number of

Group Roles as Evidenced in Mean Girls Movie Review

Group Roles as Evidenced in Mean Girls - Movie Review Example You have probably worked in groups that are effective and groups that are less or not effective. While there is no magic elixir upon knowing what moves groups forward and what limits their progress can be helpful whenever you are working in a group or team. In order for the group members of the team to have a harmonious relationship with each other they need to determine the strength and weakness of one other. To ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of each member of the group they need to identify the characters or roles of each member of the group. This will enable the group to help themselves adjust and cope with the each other and this will hasten to achieve the groups' desired goals harmoniously. There are certain and specific roles under a certain category that each member possesses during a group communication. Two theorists on group behavior were Kenneth Benne and Paul Sheats, who wrote an influential article titled "Functional Roles of Group Members" back in the 1940s. In it, they defined 26 different group roles that can be played by one or more people within a group. Their work influenced other early research and thinking on group functions. And whilst more recent research has refined many of these ideas. Benne and Sheats defined three categories of group roles: task roles, personal/social roles, and dysfunctional or individualistic roles. One of the films that portray a good representation of a group role ... Cady Heron's role in that group is the opinion giver because she expresses her own opinions and beliefs on a certain matter that her friends were initializing. Often states opinions in terms of what the group should do and should not do. This is because she grew up in a place where her parents taught her moral values. She is also the encourager she affirms supports and praises the efforts of fellow group members. Demonstrates warmth and provides a positive attitude towards her friends. In one of the films best lines after a telling off from Regina, Cady tries to comfort Karen wherein she told Karen that she is not stupid. She is also the harmonizer of the group she conciliates differences between individuals. Seeks ways to reduce tension and diffuse a situation. She is also an observer because she provides feedback to the group about how it is functioning. Another powerful character in that movie is Regina George. Although the high school students seemed to both adore and loath Regina George, her powerful position within the social organization at the school had many visible effects on her followers' behavior. Classmates copied Regina's style and vocabulary, and passed along Regina's gossip with vigor. In fact, the behavior of her closest friends was regulated by specific rules governing what to wear, who to date, and who to befriend. Their proximity to power was intoxicating despite Regina's mistreatment-so much so that when Gretchen was demoted to a lower position in the social hierarchy, "she knew it was better to be in the Plastics-hating life-than to not be in at all." Regina is the aggressor of the group she makes personal attacks using belittling and insulting comments, for example, "That's the most