Discrimination and the Hijab: The Role of Social Workers

ART HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Workmanship HISTORY - Essay Example He is likewise credited with being one of the pioneers of another type of painting that got famous in Europe in the second 50% of the twentieth century. The greater part of his works of art delineate his picked medium, which he tried to investigate various types of craftsmanship in the mid 1960’s. The artistic creation of amplified duplicates of high contrast photos that just incorporated the utilization of various shades of dark, for example, the 1964 picture dairy animals and the 1965 picture kitchen seat launch him to popularity. This is on the grounds that he began another type of utilizing photos as a beginning stage as opposed to a model towards an end in itself. He expresses that he obscures his pictures to make everything equivalent. The point is to portray pictures as both similarly equivalent and similarly inconsistent without misshaping the planned message. This is indicated best in the delineation underneath. His work doesn't just incorporate artwork obscured pictures, yet additionally multi-shaded diagrams, drawings and

Book Riots Deals of the Day for March 1st, 2019

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Information About the Magic Mineral Shungite

Shungite is a hard, lightweight, deep black stone with a magic reputation that is well exploited by crystal therapists and the mineral dealers who supply them. Geologists know it as a peculiar form of carbon produced by metamorphism of crude oil. Because it has no detectable molecular structure, shungite belongs among the mineraloids. It represents one of Earths very first oil deposits, from deep in Precambrian time. Where Shungite Comes From The lands around Lake Onega, in the western Russian republic of Karelia, are underlain by rocks of Paleoproterozoic age, approximately 2 billion years old. These include the metamorphosed remains of a great petroleum province, including both the oil shale source rocks and bodies of crude oil that migrated out of the shales. Evidently, once upon a time, there had been a large area of brackish-water lagoons near a chain of volcanoes: the lagoons bred enormous numbers of one-celled algae and the volcanoes produced fresh nutrients for the algae and sediment that quickly buried their remains. (A similar setting is what produced the abundant oil and gas deposits of California during Neogene time.) Later in time, these rocks were subjected to mild heat and pressure that rendered the oil into almost pure carbon—shungite. Properties of Shungite Shungite looks like especially hard asphalt (bitumen), but its classified as a pyrobitumen because it does not melt. It also resembles anthracite coal. My shungite sample has a semimetallic luster, a Mohs hardness of 4, and a well-developed conchoidal fracture. Roasted over a butane lighter, it bursts into splinters and emits a faint tarry odor, but it does not easily burn. There is a lot of misinformation circulating about shungite. It is true that the first natural occurrence of fullerenes was documented in shungite in 1992; however, this material is absent in most shungite and amounts to a few percent in the richest specimens. Shungite has been examined at the highest magnification and found to have only vague and rudimentary molecular structure. It has none of the crystallization of graphite (or, for that matter, of diamond). Uses for Shungite Shungite has long been considered a healthful substance in Russia, where since the 1700s its been used as a water purifier and disinfectant just as we use activated carbon today. This has given rise over the years to a host of overstated and poorly supported claims by mineral and crystal therapists; for a sample just do a search on the word shungite. Its electrical conductivity, typical of graphite and other forms of pure carbon, has led to a popular belief that shungite can counteract the supposed harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation from things like cell phones. A producer of bulk shungite, Carbon-Shungite Ltd., supplies industrial users for more prosaic purposes: steelmaking, water treatment, paint pigments and fillers in plastic and rubber. All of these purposes are substitutes for coke (metallurgical coal) and carbon black. The company also claims benefits in agriculture, which may be related to the intriguing properties of biochar. And it describes the use of shungite in electrically conductive concrete. Where Shungite Gets Its Name Shungite gets its name from the village of Shunga, on the shore of Lake Onega.

Effect of Social Inequality on Child Development Essay

As kids, the question is always asked, â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† Depending on the interest of their parents, the children’s answers vary greatly. If they come from a family of lawyers, the child would most likely say they would want to be a lawyer. If they come from a family where no one has graduated from high school, the child would most likely say that they would want to be a truck driver. The background and the status of the parents would determine the aspirations of children’s future. Social stratification determines a child’s outlook on their future career and education. A study done by Jay MacLeod explored the ambitions of a group of young boys. MacLeod explains that society proclaims that any child can grow up to†¦show more content†¦The inequality starts in the school, but continues because of the school. Turner claims that the there is two different mobility systems in the school; sponsored and contest. Sponsored is similar to ascribed status, while contest is similar to achieved status. Referring back to the children’s goals and ambitions, a sponsored system would help them realize the possibility of their goals earlier in life than the contest system would. In the case of the sponsored system, the child would be ripped away from their family in order to achieve their goals if the child was viewed as something greater than their family. This would be like a child going to a special boarding school. This child is selected very early one. In a contest system, the child’s goal is left up to them if they would be able to achieve their goals. They are in control of their achievements, not the superiority. Being involved in the sponsored mobility system sometimes requires a lot of power and wealth. â€Å"Very frequently the striving for power is also conditioned by the social ‘honor’ it entails† (Weber). The child could possibly get ahead by just fighting to reach his goals and gaining that honor title. In addition to power, wealth is very essential as well. â€Å"Wealth can be used as collateral to secure loans for futher investment; many of the wealthiest people leverage theirShow MoreRelatedChild Poverty And Its Effects On Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesChild Poverty in Canada Grace Abbott once said, â€Å"Child labor and poverty are inevitably bound together and if you continue to use the labor of children as the treatment for the social disease of poverty, you will have both poverty and child labor to the end of time.† Child poverty is one of the biggest issues facing Canadian children today. Child poverty can significantly shorten a child’s life. One of the major reasons child poverty in Canada is so high is because of low wages. These children haveRead MoreFamily And Education : A System Of Behavioral And Relationship1083 Words   |  5 PagesSocial institutions can be defined as â€Å"a system of behavioral and relationship patterns†¦they order and structure the behavior of individuals by means of their normative character. † These social institutions shape the understanding and, sometimes, personalities of the various people in society. Two of the major social institutions are the family, and education. Before reading the c hapters on these two institutions, I did not realize how big of an effect each of them actually plays on the lives ofRead MorePoverty and Crime (Sociology)1600 Words   |  7 PagesAshley Duran Sociology 1101 August 9, 2010 Poverty and Crime A social issue that has always intrigued me was crime (petty crime, violent crime, etc) in impoverished urban areas and the social and economic impact that crime causes in these areas. 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According to LISTVERSE, the top ten â€Å"extreme† examples of gender inequality towards women that exists around the world today, specificallyRead MoreUnequal Democracy By Larry Bartle1503 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic inequality, and he concludes voters do not weigh more into social and cultural issues; rather Republic presidents are good at timing income growth to garner voters. The political environment has essentially influenced economy, in result has led to a growing economic gap between the rich and poor, which is a national and state issue that must be addressed. Education is essential to attain social mobility, however students face difficult obstacles. Even though we have laws like No Child LeftRead MoreThe Effects Of Islamophobia On The Past And Present1326 Words   |  6 PagesTo begin, social inequality in the past or present lead to chaotic consequences. Individual freedom of begin equal among started to vanish. Islamophobia began when the 9/11 terrorist attack occurred. After the 9/11 attack the development of the fear of Islamophobia began. In September 11, 2001, there was a terrorist attack and that took down the Twin Towers (Holman Silver, 2011, p. 483). Thus, this is a point of significant because this was the beginning of the major crisis of Islamophobia inRead MoreGender Inequality And Its Impact On Children s Developmental Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesWhen discussing inequalities, it is easy to overlook gender inequality because race inequality is prevalent and easily recognizable. Like racial inequality; gender inequali ty is also a real issue in America. Gender stereotypes are perpetuated throughout our lifetime beginning when we are children. Early on, children learn what is means to be a boy or girl from societal standards. Children begin to suffer from the boys versus girl’s mentality which is evident in the social behavior of children. Children’sRead MoreSocial, Economic, And Economic Status940 Words   |  4 PagesSocial, economic status (SES) is normally measured as a combination of income, education, and occupation. It is often conceptualized as a social class or standing of a person or a group. When looked through a lens of social class, power, privilege, and control are stressed. Besides, an analysis of analysis of SES as a continuous or gradient variable shows inequalities in the access up to distribution of resources. SES is necessary for all realms social and behavior science, including education, practice

Audit Report of Industry Business Measurement

Question: Describe about the Audit Report of Industry for Business Measurement. Answer: 1. For the analysis of the ratio, the audited report and Industry benchmark will be considered. Current Ratio as per the audited report 2015 is 1.89 and as per the industry benchmark it is 1.8. It implies that Nirvana Produce Pty ltd is far above the standards of the company very much capable of paying the current liabilities in the form of long-term liabilities (Troy Wilson,2014). It can be also said that company is having sufficient amount of cash for running the business and cash for converting the assets into cash. Days in receivable comes under efficiency and activity ratio (Liang et al., 2016). It measures the number of times business will be collecting the average of the receivable in the year. Therefore, from the data, the analysis made is, the company is collecting the receivable more number of times than the usual benchmark, which is indicating, that the company is performing very well. The inventory turnover as per audited report 2015 and industry benchmark both is 3 days. Inventory turnover is one of the efficiency ratios, which are used for comparing the average inventory with the cost of goods sold for the period (Brown, 2012). This ratio also measure the number of time the inventory is to be sold out for the period. While analyzing the position of the company in terms of given ratio, it is seen that company is truly fulfilling the criteria and meeting the industry benchmark. So the company is in good position. Debt to equity ratio as per audited report 2015 is 0.50 and as per industry, benchmark is 0.20. It implies that it is one of the liquidity ratios which will be comparing the total debts of the company to the total equity of the business (Healy Palepu, 2012). It also shows a percentage of the finance or investment which is coming from the creditor and investors. So given the company is meeting the criteria far more than the benchmark. It can be said that companies pay its debt and interest more than the desired amount. The company also has huge number of investor and creditors in the market. Implication of audit is very necessary for an organization. Auditing helps an organization to know the real position of the company. Auditing helps in detecting and preventing errors and frauds, so there is compulsion of auditing in the maintenance of account. Auditing also helps in maintaining the regularity in the account to keep the morality on the maintenance of account. Auditing also helps in getting compensation occur from the business, insurance companies helps in getting compensation for the business. Auditing also helps in getting loan for the business, on the respect of audited financial statements. Auditing serves as evidence for proving the originality of the Financial Statements (Messier, 2016). Auditing helps in facilitating the sale of the company, after doing valuation of the assets and liabilities for knowing the correct price of the business. Auditing also helps in getting assess the tax to be given by the company, on the basis of the profit calculated by the audito r. Auditing will also help in facilitating for comparing the books of account of the recent year with that of previous year. Auditing also helps in getting the valuation of the business for getting the amount of deceased partner of the business. Auditing of the financial statement also helps in getting safe form the allegation received regarding the negligence of the auditor. From the above case study implication of auditing has found to be true in two cases. The company has 0.50 Debt to equity ratio which is above the industry benchmark, which indicates that by showing or presenting the Audited report company it is able to get more than sufficient amount of investment and creditors from the market. This shows a good sign that company is getting more funds for the purpose of investment. Furthermore, it is seen that by the doing valuation of the business company is able to get portion of profit after the death of the partner (Porter et al., 2014). Generally, a company has many risks, but in the case of auditing, there is two very important type of risk. Inherent risk and Control risk. Inherent risk occurs due to susceptibility of declaration to the misstatement, because of fraud and error. Control risk can be referred to as risk, which occurred due to the materiality of individual and in combination to individual and in combination with the timely detection of the internal control (Wang et al., 2013). This can be control by the proper verification and assertion of the statement before generating the statement. In the above case study there was number of duplication while making payment to the creditors of the company, so that needs to be properly checked and then carried on for further process as, this would help in generating correct report of the company. Secondly when customers came to receive their order their payment were made outstanding and on the basis of those outstanding invoices purchase was made in cash and this fa ults was not covered and misstatement in the financial statement occurred. After the process the purchase slips were sent to bookkeeper who maintained those transactions as on the cash basis, this caused an error for the statement (DeFond Zhang, 2014). The Business risk refers to the uncertainty in loss and profits, which will be occurring in the business. Uncertainties refer to the situation when some unplanned event occurs and mostly causes negative impact (Eilifsen et al., 2013). In the above case study the companies wishes to buy back the share of Anna, for which the company is planning to raise loan from the bank. The loan is taken by mortgaging the office and warehouse, which serve as risk for the company. If in the near future company is not able to pay the loan taken, then the only asset left for running the business is the office and warehouse. If warehouse and office is taken over by the bank, then there will be nothing left for doing the business. It is further suggested not to raise funds by mortgaging the office and warehouse as this will take the company in worsening condition. Further the debt to equity ratio is higher as per the industry benchmark, which also indicates negativity of the business. The more the compan y raises loan from the market the creditors or the investors will ask for return or dividend to be paid, this will create an obstacles in maintaining profit for the purpose of expansion and generating profit for the owners. Further there also indication of 90% payout ratio to be given as by the investor (Yang Jia,2013). 2. In the above case study, the company number of Strength and weakness present in the internal control system which are as follows: Strength The company made use of the accounting software that helped in reducing the manpower (Markus et al., 2013). The software fully protected by password for accessing the networked computer of the office. Weakness The software had no facility for generating file of the payment of the creditor which was to be uploaded in the bank account this leaded to the incorrect in reconciliation of the bank statement (Daniel, 2015). It will also be effecting in the maintenance of the record of the creditor payment, which will be leading to mismatch in the records of the financial statements. This will be causing a huge risk in the case of auditing. In the context of audit it will be shown as the misstatement of the material factor. For the improvement of rectification this error there has to be updating the information on the server as well as manually, and separate human force should be employee for checking of the data or information that is done (Jans et al., 2012). On the basis of outstanding invoice the cash purchase were made and information for those was given to the bookkeeper and he reconciled with the cash purchase (Parker,2 013). Considerations of the outstanding invoices, leaded to increase in the cash purchase, which will be also affecting the unnecessary purchase, were made on the basis of those buying slips. In the financial statement, this effected to appear cash purchase instead of credit purchase. This point will be creating disadvantageous for the company, as while doing auditing there will seen a huge profit or cash generated from the business which is not in the real sense. This will be effecting for payment of more tax as to be given in actual. For improving, this point there has to be proper checking of the invoices. So that no extra purchases are made and which will lead to increase in the expense. In the auditing perspective there has to be proper data and information to be provided for doing the auditing (Xu et al., 2013). The customer who came to collect the order, their orders was added to the original invoice system, and those payments were due for period of seven days. Due to this effect, this was seen as there was significant number of invoices which had short in the invoices. The payment of the outstanding customer came through ETF, which showed clear appearance of the turnover of the company, which will be affecting the increase in the payment of tax to the authorities (Zaman Sarens,2013). The process of ETF should be avoided and no outstanding payments are to be done. This will be affecting the correct maintenance of the account. Transfer of fund through ETF will be generating extra expense for the business in the form of the service charge. ETF process may occur error in the processing of the fund to the correct account. Therefore, in the auditing perspective ETF should be checked time in order to maintain the regularity in the recording of the statement. The risk of this can be reducing with the manual entry of the accounts, which may increase the work force but will be reducing the risk faced by the company. Manual maintenance of the payment of the creditors is affected in duplication of the payments of the creditors. This is the process of occurring misstatement in the accounts of the creditors (gov.au.2016). The duplication of the payment of the creditor serves to be one of the major problems in matching the balances of the statement. In the auditing perspective duplication is considered to be one of the ways of making fraud statement. This will be making the company to be served as the misstatement or fraud representation of the information of the company. In order, stop this process one need to hire more number of employees for doing the process of collection of the payments from the client. 3. Outline of the networked personal computer based accounting software in engagement of the audit process: CAATs are computer software and data that are used by the auditor for processing the procedures of the audit (Loabneh et al., 2013). Here are the two methods of CAATs for the development and justification of the process. Audit Software - includes PC programs utilized in reviewing the aim for processing the data audit centrality from client accounting standards. It is utilized by auditor to see the PC component for recording and might be utilizing with taking in consideration both control of trial and the of exchanges substantive test. Adjustment will be made on the system, which will investigate the excess volume of data and focuses on data, leaving talented physical assets for focus on the investigation of outcomes. There are different types of audit projects which is as follow: Program of generalized bundled - In any case, they should customize to every specific case by featuring configuration of documents which will be cross-examined through determination of the parameters which will be required and for the type of yield. Projects composed of purpose - These are uncommonly composed work where it will be unrealistic to make adjustment in the bundle program as a result of sort of machine, for the preparing the document which will be utilized by the association (Cascarino,2012). Utilization of the utility by the client - Utilized by component for performing data for the preparation of the capacities Here are some of the benefits auditing software: Calculation checks - Program gives a total sum of single passages for purchase day book during a particular period. The examiner will be taking the sum to sum posted in purchases of ledger control accounts. Infringement of standard through detecting framework - Program sees that no customer has parity above determined limit of credit. Detection of the unreasonable things - Programs sees that no customer has markdown of half or deals in record parity, which is more than the measuring the offers which will be made to client (Kuruppu,2012). New figuring and examination: Measurable examination of stock developments is to distinguish moderate moving things. Disadvantages in utilizing Audit program are as follows: Expense for set up is high - Set up expense will be high, because at first client methodology will be researched and saw completely before audit programming can be utilized for getting and cross examining records. Unreasonable Changes - If there is a variation to customer standard, this will be necessary for providing expensive modifications to the virtual review products. Over-elaboration: Inclination to create intricate inquiry programs which is expensive for creation, tedious in preparation and checking on. Thus Audit cost goes up, and it is tough to legitimize the utilization. Yield of Quantities - It might emerge that yield is very huge either due to poor configuration of product or for the utilization of improper parameters on the test. Selecting things for audit testing Getting stratified example of sales which will be recording the parities for utilization of the premise for a flow of borrowers. Completeness checks: Checking coherence of offers solicitations to guarantee that they are all represented. Test information Audit test data is information, which will be presented by the reviewer in preparing, by the customers PC based bookkeeping framework with a specific end goal to test the operation of the undertaking's PC programs. It might be prepared amid an ordinary creation run (running test information live) or amid an extraordinary keep running at point during the time which will be outside the typical cycle. Test data can be held like a bunch of archives that will be caught in the framework for testing both PC controls and manual (Abernathy et al., 2015). There are three fundamental ways for dealing in the utilization of test data which are as follows: Information that is live Processing of the genuine client, which will be the live information and after that watch controls and preparing are in a correct way. Dummy information in an ordinary creation run - However yield of sham information handling ought not to be discharged in the live database general record. Preferences of CAAT to the examiner Test modified controls in PC based bookkeeping framework - There are expansive volumes of exchanges that the evaluator will need to review. The reviewer will need to check if the modified controls are working accurately. The main compelling method for testing customized controls is through CAAT. Test on a substantial volume of information - CAAT empowers reviewers to test extensive measure of information rapidly and precisely and in this way increment the certainty they have as they would see it. Test on source area of information - CAAT empowers inspectors to test the bookkeeping frameworks and its records (e.g. circle documents) at its source area instead of testing the printouts of what they accept to be a duplicate of those records. Cost successful - Once set up CAAT are prone to be a financially savvy method for acquiring review proof a seemingly endless amount of time gave that the customer does not change the bookkeeping framework frequently. Comparison: A permit comes about because of utilizing CAAT to be contrasted with customary testing (Griffin Wright,2015) Reference list Abernathy, J., Hackenbrack, K. E., Joe, J. R., Pevzner, M., Wu, Y. J. (2015). Comments of the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Staff Consultation Paper, Auditing Accounting Estimates and Fair Value Measurements: Participating Committee Members.Current Issues in Auditing,9(1), C1-C11. Australian Auditing Standards. Auasb.gov.au. (2016). Retrieved 8 September 2016, from https://www.auasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Australian-Auditing-Standards.aspx Brown, R. (2012). Analysis of investments management of portfolios. Cascarino, R. E. (2012).Auditor's Guide to IT Auditing,+ Software Demo(Vol. 583). John Wiley Sons. Daniel, R. U. (2015). THE IMPACT OF AUDITING IN ENHANCING BUSINESS SURVIVAL (A CASE STUDY OF GTBANK AND UBA) KATSINA STATE. DeFond, M., Zhang, J. (2014). A review of archival auditing research.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), 275-326. Eilifsen, A., Messier, W. F., Glover, S. M., Prawitt, D. F. (2013).Auditing and assurance services. McGraw-Hill. Griffin, P. A., Wright, A. M. (2015). Commentaries on Big Data's importance for accounting and auditing.Accounting Horizons,29(2), 377-379. Healy, P. M., Palepu, K. G. (2012).Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Jans, M., Alles, M., Vasarhelyi, M. (2012). Process mining of event logs in internal auditing: a case study. Kuruppu, N. (2012). A Structured Pedagogy for Integrating Generalized Audit Software into the Auditing Curriculum.Business Education Accreditation,4(1), 113. Liang, D., Lu, C. C., Tsai, C. F., Shih, G. A. (2016). Financial ratios and corporate governance indicators in bankruptcy prediction: A comprehensive study.European Journal of Operational Research,252(2), 561-572. Loabneh, N., Lawabni, A., Ahmed, S. (2013).U.S. Patent Application No. 13/741,371. Markus, J., Edmund, J., Markus, B. (2013). Simulating the Influence of Price Auditing on the Corporate Profit in Business-to-Government Relationships: Experiences from a Case Study in the German Automotive Industry.International Journal of Business and Economic Development (IJBED),1(2). Messier Jr, W. (2016).Auditing assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Parker, R. H. (2013).Accounting in Australia (RLE Accounting): Historical Essays(Vol. 58). Routledge. Porter, B., Simon, J., Hatherly, D. (2014).Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Troy, L., Wilson, P. (2014).2015 Almanac of Business and Industrial Financial Ratios. Wang, C., Chow, S. S., Wang, Q., Ren, K., Lou, W. (2013). Privacy-preserving public auditing for secure cloud storage.IEEE Transactions on computers,62(2), 362-375. Xu, Y., Carson, E., Fargher, N., Jiang, L. (2013). Responses by Australian auditors to the global financial crisis.Accounting Finance,53(1), 301-338. Yang, K., Jia, X. (2013). An efficient and secure dynamic auditing protocol for data storage in cloud computing.IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems,24(9), 1717-1726. Zaman, M., Sarens, G. (2013). Informal interactions between audit committees and internal audit functions: Exploratory evidence and directions for future research.Managerial Auditing Journal,28(6), 495-515.

Tamara Draut Essay Example

Tamara Draut Paper The Growing College Gap In her essay The Growing College Gap Draut makes the claim that attending college is a decision students are faced with nationwide. She argues that there’s a gap between class and race dealing with financial problems. The gap has increased due to many cuts in the educational system and how Financial Aid helps the less fortunate but it doesn’t make higher education any more affordable to the masses. Therefore, since the socioeconomic breach continues to grow, security for a middle-class student, which is earning a four-year degree, is now decreasing because of the expense to actually achieve the said degree. This essay focuses on college students and their future, while making a comparison of their social class. It shows the government has a major impact in this situation because it offers some statistics to give a vision of what the employment rates have changed according to previous studies about now. In addition, the author differentiates the futures many college students have as a result of their parents’ financial past and present. Tamara Draut dissected every aspect of the American college system and thoroughly backed up her argument with undeniable statistics and facts. For example, persons with some college experience can expect to earn $1. 5 million while with an Associate-degree they can expect to earn $1. 6 million. Also, persons with a Bachelor’s degree can expect to earn $2. 1 million, persons with a Master’s degree can expect to earn $2. million and with a Professional degree they can expect to earn $4. 4 million (1). Surprisingly only seventy percent of high school graduates attend college; one would think that with estimated earnings such as those that more than eighty-five or ninety percent of graduates would go onto higher education. If college were less expensive, this percentage would increase drastically. According to Draut, â€Å"While the Federal government is spending more than ever before on student aid, over $70 billion to be exact, funding has not kept pace with enrollments or tuition prices† (2). We will write a custom essay sample on Tamara Draut specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tamara Draut specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tamara Draut specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This quote it is confusing, because of the amount the Federal Government is spending is quite a huge number itself and yet it’s not enough to fund most students. There are cuts in education, and a lot of students are affected by it. It will be hard for them to pay off the tuition and loans because some of these students are from a low income family. It has been difficult for them to consider how much money they will end up paying off after they’ve graduated from college. It would be good if the Federal Government can find ways to help give the poor more funding for college. Economic status is a major factor in the college process. For most people, it is the only factor. Unfortunately, the first question middle-class and low-income families ask about a school is how much it is because of the insane burden that college loans place on the student and their family. With the extremely competitive job market as well as the intense competition between college students, as long as tuition rates continue to increase, the economic classes will grow further and further apart. In the nineteenth century, there were really only two classes: the upper class and the lower class. It seems that soon enough, there will no longer be a middle class based on the economy and competition alone. The lower class cannot get ahead because they do not have the money; especially when college is extremely expensive. The upper class will continue to get ahead because they have enough money to do with it whatever they want. Another part of Draut’s argument should make all college degree seeking Americans fight against the injustice of government aid programs; providing aid on merit based performance only (3). It is fair the money being granted to students who study hard and make sacrifices in order to obtain their secondary education, but what happened with the students who come from low income backgrounds? Aid programs do not take into consideration that many low income students come from inner cities, where secondary education is at the bottom of categorized education scale and these students lack the crucial knowledge that being taught at the more prestige’s high schools of the suburbs where middle and upper class students attend. The college tuition rates are increasing and soon enough only the wealthy will be able to afford going to receive their degrees. Even with the various grants, legislation and financial aid opportunities, students and families alike still struggle to muster up enough money to be able to enroll in one’s preferred institution. Hopefully, more legislation will be instilled so that many more students, of minorities and low-income families predominantly, will have better chance of being able to attend a university. Works Cited Draut, Tamara. â€Å"The Growing College Gap†. The Allyn Bacon Guide To Writing. Ed. John D. Ramage, John C. Bean and June Johnson. New York: Longman, 2010. 270. Print. Draut, Tamara. â€Å"The Growing College Gap†. The Allyn Bacon Guide To Writing. Ed. John D. Ramage, John C. Bean and June Johnson. New York: Longman, 2010. 271-272. Print. Draut, Tamara. â€Å"The Growing College Gap†. The Allyn Bacon Guide To Writing. Ed. John D. Ramage, John C. Bean and June Johnson. New York: Longman, 2010. 272. Print.

Practice in Identifying Helping Verbs in English

Practice in Identifying Helping Verbs in English A helping verb (also called an auxiliary verb) is a verb (such as have, do, or will) that comes before the main verb in a sentence. This exercise will give you practice in identifying helping verbs. Instructions Each of the following 15 sentences contains at least one helping verb. Identify the helping verb(s) in each sentence, and then compare your answers with those on page two. Keep in mind that more than one helping verb (such as has been) can be used in front of a main verb. In addition, remember that sometimes another word (such as not) separates the helping verb from the main verb. My sister has promised to come with us to the Thousand Islands.Sam and Dave will prepare a PowerPoint presentation for the class.I must return to Yellowstone National Park to appreciate its significance and astonishing beauty.We should read another book by E.B. White.We should not waste our time watching TV.My brother will be flying out of Cleveland tomorrow morning.We have been studying all week for the final exam.Katie has not been studying very hard.My car was stolen by a couple of kids out for a good time.I can help you tonight if you will drive me home later.Thousands of people, braving the cold and the rain, had been waiting for hours for the band to show up.Tony and his friends are bored with their lives, and so they are always looking for trouble.I know that I must make a decision soon, but first I may ask my teacher for advice.Marie could not start her car this morning, so she will probably not go into work at all today.I have finished the quiz on helping verbs, and now I am going home.   Below are the answers (in bold) to the practice exercise in  Identifying Helping Verbs. My sister  has  promised to come with us to the Thousand Islands.Sam and Dave  will  prepare a PowerPoint presentation for the class.I  must  return to Yellowstone National Park to appreciate its significance and astonishing beauty.We  should  read another book by E.B. White.We  should  not waste our time watching TV.My brother  will be  flying out of Cleveland tomorrow morning.We  have been  studying all week for the final exam.Katie  has  not  been  studying very hard.My car  was  stolen by a couple of kids out for a good time.I  can  help you tonight if you  will  drive me home later.Thousands of people, braving the cold and the rain,  had been  waiting for hours for the band to show up.Tony and his friends  are  bored with their lives, and so they  are  always looking for trouble.I know that I  must  make a decision soon, but first I  may  ask my teacher for advice.Marie  could  not start her car this morning , so she  will  probably not go into work at all today.I  have  finished the quiz on helping verbs, and now I  am  going home.

How You Can Get an ACT Fee Waiver Complete Guide

How You Can Get an ACT Fee Waiver Complete Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you feel like testing costs are presenting a barrier in your path to college? The good news is, you might be eligible for an ACT fee waiver, which waives the cost of taking the ACT. In this article, we help you figure out whether you’re eligible to get an ACT fee waiver form. We also discuss what the waiver covers and doesn't cover, as well as the steps you must take to use your fee waiver while registering for the ACT. But first, let’s look at who is eligible for an ACT fee waiver. ACT Fee Waiver Eligibility Criteria In order to get an ACT fee waiver, you first need to check that you're eligible for one. Here is the criteria you must meet: Be enrolled in high school (11th or 12th grade) Be a U.S. citizen or an international student testing in the US, US territories, or Puerto Rico Meet one or more of the indicators of economic need listed below: You’re enrolled in a federal free or reduced-price lunch program at school, based on USDA income levels (see table below) You’re enrolled in a program for the economically disadvantaged (for example, a federally funded program such as GEAR UP or Upward Bound) You reside in a foster home, are a ward of the state, or are homeless Your family receives low-income public assistance or lives in federally subsidized public housing Your family’s total annual income is at or below the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) levels for free or reduced-price lunches listed below USDA Income Level Guidelines (2017-18) Members in Household* Total Annual Income 1 $22,311 2 $30,044 3 $37,777 4 $45,510 5 $53,243 6 $60,976 Each additional member Plus $7,733 per member Source: ACT.org *Members in household include filer. If you’re not on Free and Reduced Lunch but meet one of the other requirements, you might have to providedocumentation, such as tax records, to prove your eligibility. Now that you know whether or not you’re eligible, let’s look closer at exactly what the ACT fee waiver does and doesn't cover in terms of costs. What Does the ACT Fee Waiver Cover? The ACT fee waiver covers the basic registration fee for either the ACT without Writing or the ACT with Writing.If you’re eligible, you can get a maximum of two waivers, meaning you will be able to take the ACT for free twice. Fee waivers are valid through August 31 each year, so you might have to get one waiver your junior year and the other your senior year.You can also waive the fee to send one score report to your high school and up to four score reports to colleges. Speak with your guidance counselor to learn more about how your school handles ACT fee waiver distribution. What Does the ACT Fee Waiver NOT Cover? The ACT fee waiver doesn't cover late registration fees if you register past the normal deadline. It also doesn't cover fees forchanges in your registration, such as changes to your test date, test center, or test option (with or without Writing), or standby if you wish to be put on a waitlist. As mentioned above, the fee waiver will cover four score reports to colleges. Any additional score reports will have to be paid for. Currently, they are $13 each. Finally, a fee waiver can only be used once for registration. If you miss the test you signed up for, you can’t use the same fee waiver again. So make sure you don’t miss your test! How to Get an ACT Fee Waiver To get an ACT fee waiver, first speak with your school counselor. Counselors receive the fee waivers directly and are responsible for getting them to students. This doesn’t mean you should wait for your counselor to come to you, though. As you design your testing plan, get this taken care of early- ideally by the beginning of your junior year.This way you can confirm that you'll have the fee waiver before you choose a test date. When you register for the ACT, you'll need to enter your ACT fee waiver code- i.e.,the serial number printed in the top-right corner of your fee waiver form. If you have any additional charges not covered by the fee waiver, such as extra services or test-date changes, you'll have to pay for these by credit card before you finish registering. If you don't have any other charges, your registration for the ACT will be completely free! 3 ACT Prep Tips If You're Using an ACT Fee Waiver Before you take the ACT, you need to know how to prepare and study effectively in order to get a good score on test day. Here are three tips for those who have secured an ACT fee waiver: #1: Prepare Ahead of Time Preparation is the #1 factor to improving your ACT scores, but you need to make sure you’re prepping right. This means you must do the following: Understand your strengths and weaknesses Use high-quality ACT prep materials Set manageable goals Understand the ACT format and the skills being tested You can alsocheck outour free ebook detailing the five most important tips all students need to know to master the ACT. #2: Choose a Test Date and Center That Work Well for You As we mentioned above,sign up for a test date and centerthat'll work for your schedule. You can’t reuse the same ACT fee waiver should you miss your test, so it's critical to pick a place you won't have trouble getting to and a time you won't miss. If you are limited to taking the ACT twice (since you can get a maximum of two fee waivers), you'll want to design your testing plan around this fact. Almost all students improve their ACT scores on a second attempt, and many colleges will superscore your ACT score(i.e., consider your highest section scores across all dates to calculate your strongest composite score). In terms ofoptimal test dates, many students test in the spring of their junior year and again in the early fall of their senior year. With careful planning and customized preparation, you'll be able to maximize your two (free) ACT testing opportunities. #3: Use Realistic Practice Tests Whether you're taking the ACT once or twice, make sure totake official ACT practice tests under simulated testing conditions as you prep. By timing yourself, taking short breaks, and even practicing on a Saturday morning (as you'll do on the real test), you'll gradually get used to the ACT's pacing and develop the stamina you need to perform your best on test day. Recap: Getting and Using an ACT Fee Waiver All in all, getting and using an ACT fee waiver is a pretty simple process, as long as you know where to start. Before you apply for a fee waiver, check the ACT website to confirm that you are eligible. Then, talk to your counselor to get more information on how to apply and send one in. The ACT fee waiver covers the full cost of the ACT (with or without Writing) but does not cover extra charges such as changes to your test date or test center. Note that you can get up to two fee waivers in total, and you can't use the same fee waiver for more than one test. In terms of tips, make sure you have access to your fee waivers well ahead of registration for your preferred test date. Also, definitely communicate with your school counselor, as he or she will have access to the fee waivers and will be there to support you throughout the college process. If you plan to get two ACT fee waivers, make sure you have enough time to take the ACT twice. Don’t wait until senior year to get your first fee waiver since this likely won't give you enough time to take the ACT more than once. What’s Next? Curious about other ACT costs?Learn how much the ACT costs in full and get useful tips on how to save money on the ACT. How long is the ACT?Get familiar with the timing and pacing of the testso that you can prepare yourself effectively for test day. Aiming for perfection? Read expert tips and strategies from a 36 full scorer. Even if you're not aiming this high, our guide is helpful for improving scores at any level! Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning Essay

Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning principles that sustain and maintain it.DISCUSS this statement - Essay Example In the wider perspective, maladaptive behaviour has been discussed from different viewpoints such as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural perspectives, and these viewpoints stress the significance of causal factors of this behaviour. Significantly, the Freudian psychoanalytic theory is the oldest psychological point of view about maladaptive behaviour and it was, for a long time, preoccupied with principles regarding libidinal energies and their suppression. Later on, the behaviourist theorists also came with their viewpoints about maladaptive behaviour and they formulated several principles to explain this characteristic in human beings. â€Å"The behavioural perspective focuses on the role of learning in human behaviour and attributes maladaptive behaviour either to failure to learn appropriate behaviour or to the learning of maladaptive behaviours. Adherents of the behavioural viewpoint attempt to alter maladaptive behaviour by extinguishing it and/or providing training in new, more adaptive behaviours.† (Carson, Butcher, Mineka, and Hooley, 2000, P. 105). Therefore, it is fundamental to comprehend that maladaptive behaviour is explained by different psychological schools in different ways. For example, Behaviourists explain maladaptive behaviour in terms of learning principles that sustain and maintain it. This paper makes a reflective exploration of the behaviourist principles concerning maladaptive behaviour in order to maintain that the behaviourist’s approach therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic (Freudian) approach. PART ONE: Behaviourist Principles and Maladaptive Behaviour The behaviourist approach to abnormality deals with maladaptive behaviour and its basic causes. According to this approach, the maladaptive forms of behaviour that have been learnt by an individual are the basic causes of mental disorders. In other words, the behaviourist viewpoint of abnormality maintains that the learning process in human behavio ur plays a significant role in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviour. The Behaviourists argue that mental disorders are due to â€Å"a complex of learned, inappropriate behaviours, or the absence of appropriate behaviour sequences. In the first instance, behaviour is termed ‘maladaptive’†¦ Further, the rules of acquisition of maladaptive behaviour are no different than the rules of acquisition of adaptive sequences.† (Medcof, Emslie, Roth, 1979, P. 264). In their provocative explanation of abnormal behaviour, the behaviourists emphasizes on how a particular maladaptive sequence is learned, because they believe that the maladaptive behaviour can be removed only by comprehending the specific conditions underlying the behaviour. Thus, the behaviourist approach makes use of the learning theory which incorporates the theories of classical conditioning and operant conditioning. In a reflective exploration of the behavioural model of abnormality, it becomes luci d that this psychological theory emphasizes the role of learning in the acquisition of maladaptive behaviour. In other words, the behaviourists maintain that the human actions are determined mainly by the life experiences of the individuals, and the role of the unconscious forces or the underlying forces is largely limited. According to the behavioural

In reference to Honey and Mumford's (1986) Learning Styles, crticially Essay

In reference to Honey and Mumford's (1986) Learning Styles, crticially evaluate how learning styles can influence practice in the criminal justice environment - Essay Example he learning styles is, the personalities that are best suited by each of these learning styles and the level of their applicability in any given field. The first learning style highlighted is activism. An activist is a learner who acquires learning while on the job. Activists are willing to venture into any field, and take any activity-based training that suits their needs while on this job. Activism is absent in the UK justice system, but only encompassed in the police force for instance during new cases. Activism is a risky learning system for an area as sensitive as justice. However, it also holds a level of open-mindedness which can be used to bring in new perspectives to justice cases that might have had the wrong judgments leading to the sentencing of the wrong people. One of the key critiques assigned to the UK justice system is the inaccuracy of the key judgments passed during sentencing (Daily Mail, 2013, "online"). The second learning style is reflection. Reflectors are people who learn from their own experiences and the experiences of others. A reflector mostly needs a guide in order for him to learn effectively. Reflectors are critical thinkers who analyze situations from diverse perspectives, reviewing the experience from diverse perspectives in an attempt to find a set procedure through which they can acquire knowledge that will be crucial when they are handling this case again. This is a key component that needs to be added to the UK justice system practice, where mentorship should be introduced. Mentorship in the UK justice system can assist learners develop skills that are mostly suited for learners to meet their predetermined levels of success and accuracy. Comparing the previous generation’s levels of accuracy and professionalism one understands how crucial it is to improve the UK current justice system. The fact that its compliance and efficiency has significantly dropped over the years only proves that there are very few mentorship

A Critique of The Taming of the Shrew :: Taming Shrew Essays

A Critique of The Taming of the Shrew      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Taming of the Shrew is one of the earliest comedies written by William Shakespeare.   Some scholars believe it may have been his first work written for the stage as well as his first comedy (Shakespearean 310).  Ã‚  Ã‚   The earliest record of it being performed on stage is in 1593 or 1594.   It is thought by many to be one of Shakespeare's most immature plays (Cyclopedia 1106).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Taming of the Shrew, Petruchio was the only suitor willing to court Kate, the more undesirable of Baptista's   two daughters.   Kate was never described as unattractive (Elizabeth Taylor played her role in one film of the production), but was known for her shrewish behavior around all of Padua. Bianca, on the other hand was very sweet and charming and beautiful; for these reasons many suitors wooed her.   Kate was presented to be much more intelligent and witty than Bianca, but, ironically, she could not compete with Bianca because of these witty comebacks and caustic remarks she made (Dash 830).   All of the men who desired Bianca needed somebody to marry Kate, as it was customary for the older daughter to be married before the young one.   Finally, Petruchio came along to court Kate, saying he wanted to marry wealthily in Padua. It appeared, though, as if   Petruchio was the kind of man who needed an opposition in life.   The shrewish Kate, who was known to have a sharp tongue, very adequately filled his need for another powerful character in a relationship (Kahn 419).   When Petruchio began to woo Kate, everybody was rather surprised, but Signior Baptista agreed when Petruchio wanted marry her on Saturday of the week he met her.   Clearly, he was not opposed because he wanted to hurry and get Kate married so she would not be in Bianca's way anymore.   Petruchio showed up to the wedding late and in strange attire, but nevertheless they were married that Saturday.   Petruchio began his famous process of taming his bride.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the beginning, Petruchio wanted to dominate a relationship of two dominating personalities.   He sought to tame her in a nonviolent but still somewhat cruel fashion.   Petruchio's method of "taming" Kate featured depriving

Chem 1331 Midterm 2

1. | | | What is the pressure, in atm, of a tank of gas with a regulator that reads 1250mmHg? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 1. 64|    | B. | 490|    | C. | 1. 79|    | D. | 0. 608|    | E. | 1. 25|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 2. | | | A 147. 9-L sample of dry air is cooled from 88. 0 °C to 22. 1 °C while the pressure is maintained at 2. 85 atm. What is the final volume in L? (Do not type the units. ) | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 120. 9| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 3. | | | 1000 L of gas is prepared in a tank at 700 mm Hg and 2000 oC. The gas is then transferred to a 40. L tank at 200o C. The pressure inside the new tank is | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 14 mm Hg|    | B. | 70 mm Hg|    | C. | 280 mm Hg|    | D. | 1. 75 x 10 3 mm Hg|    | E. | 3. 64 x 103 mm Hg|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 4. | | | The density of an unknown element in the gaseous state is 1. 60 g at 300 K and 1 atm. Which of the following could be the element? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | He|    | B. | Ne|    | C. | Ar|    | D. | |    | E. | |    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 5. | | | What is the pressure exerted by a mixture of 0. 250 moles of and 0. 400 moles of He at 27. 0C in a 3. 00 L container? | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 16. 0 atm|    | B. | 5. 33 atm|    | C. | 3. 28 atm|    | D. | 2. 05 atm|    | E. | 1. 23 atm|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 6. | | | At 25 °C, an unknown gas, Q, diffuses at a RATE 1. 65 times faster than that of propane, C3H8. Which of these gases is most likely to be Q? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | O2|    | B. | He|    | C. | Ne|    | D. | H2O|    | E. | CH4|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 7. | | | In the reaction below, what volume of PCl5 (g) will be produced by the reaction of 69. 7 L of chlorine gas with excess phosphorus (P4 if all gas volumes are measured at STP?P4 (g) Cl2 => PCl5 (unbalanced) Do not enter units with your an swer. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 27. 9| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 8. | | | Consider three 5-L flasks, fitted with pressure gauges and small valves, each contain a gas at 273 K. Flask A contains 4. 0 g of H2, flask B contains 4. 0 g of He, and flask C contains 8. 0 g of CH4. Compare the flasks contents in terms of the characteristics listed. total kinetic energy of the molecules. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | Flask A > Flask B > Flask C|    | B. | Flask A < Flask B < Flask C|    | C. | Flask A = Flask B = Flask C|    |D. | Flask A > Flask C > Flask B|    | E. | Flask C > Flask B > Flask A|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 9. | | | What is the change in internal energy (in J) of a system that absorbs 4. 07 kJ of heat from its surroundings and has 0. 66 kcal of work done on it? 1 kcal = 4. 184 kJ Express your answer in scientific format with three significant figures: 1. 25 x 103 = 1. 25E3 Do not type units. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 6. 83E3 (6. 83 ? 103)| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 10. | | | If addition of 25. 132 kJ of heat to a 0. 308 kg sample of an alcohol raises its temperature from 20. 0 °C to 46. 15 °C, what is the specific heat capacity of the alcohol in J/g. K? Do not enter units with your answer. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 3. 12| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 11. | | | Given the following equations: Determine the enthalpy change (H) for the following reaction: | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 844. 3 kJ/mol|    | B. | 483. 3 kJ/mol|    | C. | -241. 7 kJ/mol|    | D. | -483. 3 kJ/mol|    | E. | -844. 3 kJ/mol|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 12. | | | High-purity benzoic acid (C6H5COOH; ? Hcomb = –3227 kJ/mol) is a combustion standard for calibrating bomb calorimeters.A 1. 113 g sample burns in a calorimeter (heat capacity of calorimeter alone = 1365 J/ °C) that contains exactly 1. 200 kg of water. Wha t temperature change will be observed? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 4. 60| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 13. | | | Using information from the text Appendix, calculate ? H for the reaction. 2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) => 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 2855. 4 kJ|    | B. | –2855. 4 kJ|    | C. | 551 kJ|    | D. | –551 kJ|    | E. | None of these is within 5% of the correct answer|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 14. | | What mass of (g) must be burned to release 334 kJ of heat to the surroundings? | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 0. 426 g|    | B. | 6. 00 g|    | C. | 0. 375 g|    | D. | 2. 66 g|    | E. | 55. 6 g|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 15. | | | An AM radio station broadcasts at about 1,031 on the radio dial. Units for AM frequencies are given in kilohertz (kHz). What is the wavelength of these radio transmissions in meters (m)? Type only the number. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer | Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 291| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 16. | | | A microwave photon has a frequency of 4,561 MHz.What is its energy in joules? Enter your answer in the form 1. 02E12 for 1. 02 x 1012 with three significant figures. Do not enter units with your answer. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 3. 02E-24 (3. 02 ? 10-24)| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 17. | | | What is the frequency (Hz) of a photon emitted by a hydrogen atom when its electron falls from n = 5 to 1? Enter your answer using exponential notation (1. 23 x 104 = 1. 23E4) with three significant figures and do not include units. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| Answer:| not answered  Ã‚  | 3. 16E15 (3. 16 ? 1015)| | Score:| 0/1 | | | 18. | | Which is not a possible ml value for an orbital that has the following: n = 2 | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | +2|    | B. | –1|    | C. | +1|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 19. | | | Give the number of orbitals an atom ca n have with the following designation: 3p | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| A. | 6|    | B. | 2|    | C. | 3|    | D. | 4|    | E. | an infinite number|    | | Score:| 0/1 | | | 20. | | | Which subatomic particle was found to be present in cathode rays? Type its name only in the box. | | | Student Response| Correct Answer| 1. | not answered  | Equals electron (100%) Equals electrons (100%)| | Score:| 0/1 | | |

Biography of Idi Amin, Brutal Dictator of Uganda

Idi Amin (c. 1923–August 16, 2003), who became known as the Butcher of Uganda for his brutal, despotic rule as the President of Uganda in the 1970s, is perhaps the most notorious of Africas post-independence dictators. Amin seized power in a military coup in 1971, ruled over Uganda for eight years, and imprisoned or killed at least 100,000 of his opponents. He was ousted in 1979 by Ugandan nationalists, after which he went into exile. Fast Facts: Idi Amin Known For: Amin was a dictator who served as the president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.Also Known As: Idi Amin Dada Oumee, The Butcher of UgandaBorn: c. 1923 in Koboko, UgandaParents: Andreas Nyabire and Assa AatteDied: August 16, 2003 in Jeddah, Saudi ArabiaSpouse(s): Malyamu, Kay, Nora, Madina, Sarah KyolabaChildren: Unknown (estimates range from 32 to 54) Early Life Idi Amin Dada Oumee was born around 1923 near Koboko, in the West Nile Province of what is now the Republic of Uganda. Deserted by his father at an early age, he was brought up by his mother, an herbalist and diviner. Amin was a member of the Kakwa ethnic group, a small Islamic tribe that had settled in the region. Success in the Kings African Rifles Amin received little formal education. In 1946, he joined Britains colonial African troops known as the Kings African Rifles (KAR) and served in Burma, Somalia, Kenya (during the British suppression of the Mau Mau), and Uganda. Although he was considered a skilled soldier, Amin developed a reputation for cruelty and was almost cashiered on several occasions for excessive brutality during interrogations. Nevertheless, he rose through the ranks, reaching sergeant major before finally being made an effendi, the highest rank possible for a black African serving in the British army. Amin was also an accomplished athlete, holding Ugandas light heavyweight boxing championship title from 1951 to 1960. A Violent Start As Uganda approached independence, Amins close colleague  Apollo Milton Obote, the leader of the Uganda Peoples Congress (UPC), was made chief minister and then prime minister. Obote had Amin, one of only two high-ranking Africans in the KAR, appointed as first lieutenant of the Ugandan Army. Sent north to quell cattle stealing, Amin perpetrated such atrocities that the British government demanded he be prosecuted. Instead, Obote arranged for him to receive further military training in the U.K. Soldier for the State On his return to Uganda in 1964, Amin was promoted to major and given the task of dealing with an army in mutiny. His success led to a further promotion to colonel. In 1965, Obote and Amin were implicated in a deal to smuggle gold, coffee, and ivory out of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A parliamentary investigation demanded by President Edward Mutebi Mutesa II put Obote on the defensive. Obote promoted Amin to general and made him chief-of-staff, had five ministers arrested, suspended the 1962 constitution, and declared himself president. Mutesa was forced into exile in 1966 after government forces, under the command of Amin, stormed the royal palace. Coup dEtat Idi Amin began to strengthen his position within the Army using the funds obtained from smuggling and from supplying arms to rebels in southern Sudan. He also developed ties with British and Israeli agents in the country. President Obote first responded by putting Amin under house arrest. When this failed to work, Amin was sidelined to a non-executive position in the Army. On January 25, 1971, while Obote was attending a meeting in Singapore, Amin led a coup detat, taking control of the country and declaring himself president. Popular history recalls Amins declared title to be His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of All the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular. Amin was initially welcomed both within Uganda and by the international community. President Mutesa—fondly known as King Freddie—had died in exile in 1969, and one of Amins earliest acts was to have the body returned to Uganda for a state burial. Political prisoners (many of whom were Amin followers) were freed and the Ugandan Secret Police was disbanded. At the same time, however, Amin formed killer squads to hunt down Obotes supporters. Ethnic Purging Obote  took refuge in Tanzania, from where, in 1972, he attempted unsuccessfully to regain the country through a military coup. Obote supporters within the Ugandan Army, predominantly from the Acholi and Lango ethnic groups, were also involved in the coup. Amin responded by bombing Tanzanian  towns  and purging the Army of Acholi and Lango officers. The ethnic violence grew to include the whole of the Army, and then Ugandan civilians, as Amin became increasingly paranoid. The Nile Mansions Hotel in Kampala became infamous as Amins interrogation and torture center, and Amin is said to have moved residences regularly to avoid assassination attempts. His killer squads, under the official titles of State Research Bureau and Public Safety  Unit,  were responsible for tens of thousands of abductions and murders. Amin personally ordered the execution of the Anglican Archbishop of Uganda, the chancellor of Makerere College, the governor of the Bank of Uganda, and several of his own parliamentary ministers. Economic War In 1972, Amin declared economic war on Ugandas Asian population, a group that dominated Ugandas trade and manufacturing sectors as well as a significant portion of the civil service. Seventy thousand Asian holders of British passports were given three months to leave the country, and the abandoned businesses were handed over to Amins supporters. Amin severed diplomatic ties with Britain and nationalized 85 British-owned businesses. He also expelled Israeli military advisors, turning instead to Colonel Muammar Muhammad al-Gadhafi of Libya and the Soviet Union for support. Leadership Amin was considered by many to be a gregarious, charismatic leader, and he was often portrayed by the international press as a popular figure. In 1975, he was elected chair of the Organisation of African Unity (though  Julius Kambarage Nyerere, president of Tanzania, Kenneth David  Kaunda,  president of Zambia, and  Seretse Khama, president of Botswana, boycotted the meeting). A  United Nations  condemnation was blocked by African heads of state. Hypomania Popular legend claims that Amin was involved in blood rituals and cannibalism. More authoritative sources suggest he may have suffered from hypomania, a form of manic depression characterized by irrational behavior and emotional outbursts. As his paranoia became more pronounced, Amin imported troops from Sudan and Zaire. Eventually, less than 25 percent of the Army was Ugandan. Support for his regime faltered as accounts of Amins atrocities reached the international press. The Ugandan economy suffered, with inflation eclipsing 1,000%. Exile In October 1978, with the assistance of Libyan troops, Amin attempted to annex Kagera, the northern province of Tanzania (which shares a border with Uganda). Tanzanian president  Julius Nyerere responded by sending troops into Uganda, and with the aid of rebel Ugandan forces they were able to capture the Ugandan capital of Kampala. Amin fled to Libya, where he stayed for almost 10 years before finally relocating to Saudi Arabia. He remained there in exile for the remainder of his life. Death On August 16, 2003, Amin died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The cause of death was reported as multiple organ failure. Although the Ugandan government announced that his body could be buried in Uganda, he was quickly buried in Saudi Arabia. Amin was never tried for his gross abuse of  human rights. Legacy Amins brutal reign has been the subject of numerous books, documentaries, and dramatic films, including Ghosts of Kampala, The Last King of Scotland, and General Idi Amin Dada: A Self Portrait. Often depicted in his time as an eccentric buffoon with delusions of grandeur, Amin is now considered one of historys cruelest dictators. Historians believe his regime was responsible for at least 100,000 deaths and possibly many more. Sources â€Å"Idi Amin, a Brutal Dictator Of Uganda, Is Dead at 80.† The New York Times, 16 Aug. 2003.Wall, Kim. â€Å"Ghost Stories: Idi Amins Torture Chambers.† IWMF, 27 Dec. 2016.

Test Satisfactory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2123 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Review Did you like this example? The aim of this essay is to examine if the Keck[1] test is unsatisfactory, too rigid and places too much emphasis on law and fact, rather than market access[2] and consider that there are no clear outer boundaries to the Article. Article 34 of The Treaty on The Functioning of The European Union (TFEU) prohibits Members States (MS) from discriminating against imported goods by favouring domestic products, unless the MS can establish a justifiable cause[3]. The case of Dassonville[4] established the courts need to look into issue of national legislation that would constitute a measure equivalent to quantitative restrictions (MEQR). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Test Satisfactory" essay for you Create order It was held that Article 34 would have a broad definition that measures which were à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“capable of hindering, directly or indirectly, actually or potentially, intra-Community trade are to be considered as [MEQRs]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [5]. The issue that arose from the ruling was that the formula, theoretically established that all national measures from other MSs could be caught under Article 34. The issue that arose from the case of Dassonville, was whether the formula should catch all national measure even those close to restricting trade or should there be test that would allow a MS to escape the formula? It was the case of Keck that formulated the test that allowed MSs to escape the Dassonville formula; it was created to change the structure of free movement of goods and the scope of Article 34. Keck is used to determine whether MS legislation directly, indirectly, actually or potentially hinders trade within the Dassonville formula. The Keck test for defining if a measure is non-discriminatory is whether the measure has equivalent effect and in turn has to be justified. Keck has two rules, the first rule deals with product-bound measures, which imposes additional requirements on the product. These requirements are seen to restrict trade and fall within the scope of article 34. The second rule deals with selling arrangements, these are rules that regulate when[6], where and by whom goods may be sold[7], advertising restrictions[8] and price controls[9]. There rules by their nature do not impede the market access of imported products more than they prevent the market access of domestic products, provided that they apply to all relevant traders within the national territory and apply equally in law and fact to domestic and imported products, if they meet these criteria they fall outside the scope of Article 34. The issue that Keck had was with dealing with measures of intra-community trade that were too uncertain or indirect to warrant the use of Artic le 34. HÃÆ' ¼nermund[10] showed how far the European Court of Justice (ECJ), were willing to stretch the scope of the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"selling arrangementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ outlined in Keck. The ECJ referred to Keck and the conditions that had to be satisfied before the German rule of prohibiting pharmacists from advertising pharmaceutical products outside their pharmacy, fell outside the scope of Article 34. In this case the conditions were satisfied and the German rule was found to be compatible with EU law. In Leclerc-Siplec, the ECJ ruled that a French ban advertising certain products on television was a selling arrangement. The ECJ concluded that the rules in question were not within the scope of Article 34. Though EU case law has shown that selling arrangements do not necessarily fall within one set of rules, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the form of advertising is a significant factor in determining whether the Cassis[11] or Keckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ rule applies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1 2] The Mars[13] dealt with German unfair competition law. The ECJ held that the German rules related to presentation, labelling and packing of goods that lawfully had been manufactured and marketed in another MS. Under Cassis, these rules are within the scope Article 34 and can only be justified under mandatory requirements, in this instance no justifications were found, and the rules were said to be restricting trade between MSs and against EU law. Familiapress[14] demonstrates the importance of the form of advertising. Austrian legislation prohibited the sale of newspapers that contained games or competitions for prizes. The ECJ disagreed even though the method was used for sales promotion; the ECJ was concerned with the actual content of the product in the case, because the competitions formed an important aspect of the magazine. By making this distinction, the ECJ established that the Austrian legislation did not fall within Keck definition of selling arrangements. It was est ablished that the national legislations compatibility with EU law would have to be determined under the Cassis rule. The ECJ left the national court to decide if the restriction was proportionate. Greaves stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Where the method of advertising is an intrinsic part of the product itself, as in Mars, then the Cassis rule applies. Where the form is external to the product, the Keckà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ rule applies.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15] Familiapress shows a distinction between Mars and the application of Keck, regarding the rules of product characteristics and selling arrangements. After Keck, extrinsic advertising constituted a selling arrangement falling outside the scope of Article 34, while intrinsic advertising, which relates to the product requirement, would only be restricted by a MS if it can be justified under the Keck requirements. Weatherill and Chalmers both argued that the ECJ has misinterpreted the purpose of Article 34, instead of focusing on the fre e movement of goods and the creation of an internal market, the Court focused on discrimination imposed by national legislation. Chalmers states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cassisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [was] the main judicial instrument for achieving legal interpenetration of Member State markets. Following Keck, the Cassisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦principle now has only a limited integrative function.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[16], the issue here is that Keck has disrupted the development of an internal market and in turn Keck has established a narrower market based on equality in law and fact. Advocate General Jacobs found the Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s approach in Keck unsatisfactory for two reasons[17], the first being that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the severity of the restriction imposed by different rules is merely one of degreeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[18], Jacobs illustrates that a type of restriction is as serve as an outright ban on importation and marketing, Jacobs places emphasis on when dealing with the restrictions to advertising, that also have an important role in building an internal market, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"In short, advertising injects greater fluidity and mobility into the economy and enhances competitiveness. A ban on advertising tends to crystallize existing patterns of consumption, to ossify markets and to preserve the status quo.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[19] The second reason that Jacobs find Keck unsatisfactory is Keck criteria that focuses on a discrimination test, the problem with a discrimination based test is that it leads to a fragmented internal market, because producers and traders must adapt to restrictions on selling arrangement depending on which MS they market their products in, the restrictions should not be based on local conditions but against the entire Union. Two tests where put up forward, the first being de mininmus, which has been established to be unsatisfactory in this area because it focuses on principles far too complex for the courts to evaluate compared to Kecks rule based formula. The more plausible test would be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"An approach based on the access to the market provides is with aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦framework for analysing the goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[20] which was acknowledged by Jacobs and Weatherill, regarding Keck, Article 34 and market access. Case law prior to Keck showed the difficulties in defining the outer boundaries of Article 34, in turn Keck was criticised for being overly formalistic because it drew a distinction between rules relating to product characteristics and selling arrangement. The focus on market access, Jacobs argued that were measures affected the goods directly, as in a Cassis type case, then it will be presumed to have a substantial impact. If the measure affected a selling arrangement and was not discriminatory, the severity of the impact would be based on other factors, such as the nature of the restriction, if the impact was direct or indirect and the extent of other available selling arran gements. Keck would remain establishing that selling arrangements are outside the scope of Article 34, but could be caught either by the classification concerned with product characteristic or because they have a different application in law or fact. The market access test has been further refined, by Wheatherill to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"apply equally in law and in fact to all goodsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[21] though the market access test was not used initially compared to cases regarding free movement of services and workers, it has been slowly adopted by later cases[22], it has been shown that the ability of goods to access the market of a state is a core feature of the Keck test, the distinction under this test, is that Keck will be fulfilled provided that state legislation does not restriction a products access to the market. Wheatherill has shown that there is an outer boundary and to maintain this element, national rules must not threaten the growth of the internal market. To an extent the Keck test has been seen as unsatisfactory for being overly formalistic between the distinction between product rules and selling arrangements, but what has been seen through case law is a development and understanding of what selling arrangements are, the development of an outer boundary to Article 34 and the Court recognition and application of a market access approach. I 1052518 declare that this piece of work contains [actual number] words Bibliography Catherine Barnard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fitting the remaining pieces into the goods and persons jigsaw?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2001) 26 European Law Review 35 Damian Chalmers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Repackaging the internal market the ramifications of the Keck judgmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1994) 19 European Law Review Rosa Greaves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Advertising restrictions and the free movement of goods and servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1998) 23 European Law Review 4 Stephen Weatherill, After Keck: Some thoughts on how to clarify the clarification (1996) 33 Common Market Law Review Case law Belgapom v ITM Belgium (Case C-63/94) [1995] ECR 2467 Commission v. Greece (processed milk) (Case C-391/92) [1995] ECR I-1621 Criminal Proceedings against Keck and Mithouard (Cases C-267 and 268/91) [1991] ECR I-6097 HÃÆ' ¼nermund and Others v Landesapothekerkammer Baden-WÃÆ' ¼rttemberg (Case C-292/92)[1993] ECR I-678 Konsumentombudsmannen (KO) v De Agostini (Svenska) FÃÆ' ¶rlag AB and TV-Shop i Sverige AB (C- 34/95 to C-36/95) [1997] ECR I-3843 Konsumentombudsmannen v. Gourmet International Products AB (C-405/98) [2001] ECR I-1795 Procureur du Roi v. Dasonville (Case 8/74) [1974] ECR 837 Punto Casa SpA v Sindaco del Commune di Capenas (Cases C-69/93 and C-258/93) [1994] ECR I-2355 Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fÃÆ' ¼r Branntwein (Case 120/78) [1979] ECR 649 Schutzverband gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb v. TK-Heimdienst Sass GmbH (Case C-254/98) [2000] ECR I-151 SociÃÆ'  ©te d ´Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TFI PublicitÃÆ' © M6 PublicÃÆ' ©te (Case C-412/93) [1995] ECR I-179 Tankstation  ´t Heustke vof J. B. E. Boermans (Cases C-401/92 and C-402/92) [1994] ECR I-2199 Vereinigete Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und Vertriebs GmbH v. Heinrich Bauer Verlag (Case C- 368/95) [1997] ECR I-3689 Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Koln eV v. Mars GmbH (Case C-470/93) [1995] ECR I-1923 EU Legislation Consolidated Treaty on the Functioning on the European Union (TFEU) https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:0047:0200:en:PDF [1] Criminal Proceedings against Keck and Mithouard (Cases C-267 and 268/91) [1991] ECR I-6097 [2] SociÃÆ' ©te d ´Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TFI PublicitÃÆ' © M6 PublicÃÆ' ©te (Case C-412/93) [1995] ECR I-179 [3] Arts. 28-30 Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community 1957 (EEC) (now Arts. 34 and 36 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)). [4] Procureur du Roi v. Dasonville (Case 8/74) [1974] ECR 837 [5] Procureur du Roi v. Dasonville (Case 8/74) [1974] ECR 837, para 5 [6] Punto Casa (Cases C-69/93 and C-258/93) [1994] ECR I-2355; Tankstation (Cases C-401/92 and C-402/92) [1994] ECR I-2199 [7] Commission v. Greece (processed milk) (Case C-391/92) [1995] ECR I-1621 [8] HÃÆ' ¼nermund (Case C-292/92) [1993] ECR I-6787; SociÃÆ' ©te d ´Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TFI PublicitÃÆ' © M6 PublicÃÆ' ©te (Case C-412/93) [1995] ECR I-179 [9] Belgapom (Case C-63/94) [1995] ECR 2467 [10] HÃÆ' ¼nermund and Others (Case C-292/92)[1993] ECR I-678 [11] Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopolverwaltung fÃÆ' ¼r Branntwein (Case 120/78) [1979] ECR 649 [12] Rosa Greaves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Advertising restrictions and the free movement of goods and servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1998) 23 European Law Review 310. [13] Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel und Gewerbe Koln eV v. Mars GmbH (Case C-470/93) [1995] ECR I-1923 [14] Vereinigete Familiapress Zeitungsverlags- und Vertriebs GmbH v. Heinrich Bauer Verlag (Case C- 368/95) [1997] ECR I-3689 [15] Rosa Greaves à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Advertising restrictions and the free movement of goods and servicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1998) 23 European Law Review 310. [16] Damian Chalmers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Repackaging the internal market the ramifications of the Keck judgmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1994) 19 European Law Review 392. [17] SociÃÆ' ©te d ´Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TFI PublicitÃÆ' © M6 PublicÃÆ' ©te (Case C -412/93) [1995] ECR I-179 para 38 and 39. [18] SociÃÆ' ©te d ´Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TFI PublicitÃÆ' © M6 PublicÃÆ' ©te (Case C-412/93) [1995] ECR I-179 para 38 [19] SociÃÆ' ©te d ´Importation Edouard Leclerc-Siplec v. TFI PublicitÃÆ' © M6 PublicÃÆ' ©te (Case C-412/93) [1995] ECR I-179 para 20 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61993CC0412:EN:HTML [20] Catherine Barnard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fitting the remaining pieces into the goods and persons jigsaw?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2001) 26 European Law Review 52. [21] Stephen Weatherill, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"After Keck: Some thoughts on how to clarify the clarificationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1996) 33 Common Market Law Review 896 [22] De Augostini and TV-Shop (C- 34/95 to C-36/95) [1997] ECR I-3843, Konsumentombudsmannen v. Gourmet International Products AB (C-405/98) [2001] ECR I-1795, Schutzverband gegen unlauteren Wettbewerb v. TK-Heimdienst Sass GmbH (Case C-254/98) [2000] ECR I-151

Essay on Fair Credit Reporting Act and Personal Finance

Syllabus College of Humanities FP/120 Version 3 Essentials of Personal Finance Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2009 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides an overview of the elements necessary for effective personal financial planning and the opportunity to apply the techniques and strategies essential to this understanding. Primary areas of study include creating and managing a personal budget, understanding and paying taxes, working with financial institutions, wise use of credit cards and consumer loans, financing automobiles and homes, and the use of insurance for protecting one’s family and property. Policies Faculty and students/learners will be held responsible for†¦show more content†¦Participation Participate in class discussion. Post at least two substantive posts on four separate days of the week 2 Discussion Questions Respond to weekly discussion questions. Reply to at least three DQs for the week 2 Nongraded Activities and Preparation Annual Credit Report Go to www.annualcreditreport.com, a site authorized by the Federal Trade Commission to provide free consumer credit reports. Explore the Frequently Asked Questions section to learn about credit reporting, credit improvement, information correction, identity theft, and other topics. Learning Team Learning Team Charter Create the Learning Team Charter. Day 5 2 Individual Current Economic State Write a 350- to 700-word paper in which you research the current state of the economy. Include answers the following: †¢ Is the current economy expanding or contracting? Why? †¢ What is the current prime rate? †¢ What are the current interest rates on credit cards? †¢ What is the current unemployment rate? †¢ What is the current inflation rate? †¢ What is the current Gross Domestic Product (GDP)? Illustrate your answers with specific examples. Conclude your paper by summarizing how the state of the economy influences an individual’s personal financial choices. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Day 5 5 Learning Team The Five C’s Worksheet Complete Appendix E: The Five C’s Worksheet. Identify which of the five C’s corresponds to eachShow MoreRelatedCredit Reporting And The Major Players1062 Words   |  5 PagesThe credit-reporting system and the major players I. Credit-reporting agencies Credit-reporting agencies are charged with collecting, storing and maintaining information on consumers and some businesses. The agencies primarily store debt repayment patterns of consumers, but some may also store and report debt repayment behavior of small businesses. Traditionally, credit-reporting companies have been known to focus on consumers’ payment patterns. 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