Child labour and devolopment Essay Example Essay Example

Child labour and devolopment Essay Example Paper Child labour and devolopment Essay Introduction Now a yearss child labor is really popular term. What is the significance of kid labor? We can specify the kid labor in this manner child labor is work by kids, the nature and strength of which takes a batch of clip off from analyzing and causes harm to their wellness and development ( K. B. Levchenko, O.A. Kalashink, Ukraine, 2007 ) . But, can we state each and every individual cognizant from this word. If, I tell to student what they know about child labor, or what they have heard from other individual or they have learnt from telecasting, wireless, and magazine. We sure that group of different people understands the difference between acceptable signifier of work for kids and child labor and besides major ground behind the kid labor ( International Labour Organization, 2009 ) . Group of people knows the kid labor but why they are disregarding it. Child labour and devolopment Essay Body Paragraphs Working Topographic point Child labour we can see in tea stall, in grossery store, in hotel, in flat for rinsing auto or in private house. We can non state any work topographic point has left where child labor is non working. An estimated information 120 million kids between the age of five and 14 are employed in the universe ‘s topographic points runing from mills to farm, mines, and about every types of unskilled work ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . On the same manner, if we talk about African state so we find that child labor is more widespread in Ethiopia and Ghana. The net registration rate in Ethiopia is the lowest in the universe. Girls suffer comparatively more disadvantage in both the states. In both states, bulk of the kids are engaged in family activities. In Ghana, farm labor dominant while in Ethiopia, bringing fuel wood, H2O and crowding labour predominant ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . From this statement it is clear that people does non cognize, what c hild labor is? They do non cognize about exact age of the kid labor and they exploit the kids. They do non cognize any international convention. International convention gives the guideline about the minimal age of the kids for making work. This international convention explain the minimal age set out clear guideline to authorities of each states to specify the minimal age at which kids should be allowed to work. International labour organisation has introduced two different major conventions for specifying the minimal age of the kids. These conventions are- ILO Convention No. 138 on minimal age and 2nd one is ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst signifier of child labor ( International Labour Organisation study ) . REASON FOR CHILD LABOUR Child labor is serious job in all over the universe. Almost all the states are suffered with this incidence. Africa has the highest incidence of child labor in the universe. The chief ground is due to economic diminution, war, HIV/AIDS behind the k id labor in Africa. Children do non travel to school and whole twenty-four hours they do work in different topographic points. Majority of kids in Africa are engaged in house based farm and endeavors. But top administration degree is non accepted it ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . Another chief ground is described really good that there is no any strong relation has been developed between grownup and kids. So as to adult can learn them for spell to school. Because young person are the most responsible group in society so they can assist to the kids for divergence. Family members ‘ claim kids do non travel to school so, in this instance members prefer kids make some work and gain money. So here it is proved that there is no good relation between grownup and kids ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . From above discussed all the statements non depict, why do the kids work? There are many grounds behind for child labor. Poverty is the most commonly restraints which leads to do child labor. The k ids may work because they think net returns from instruction are low or negligible and the returns to work experience are high. The strength of market and establishment moderate the kid labor. In markets, tonss of plants are available so these reinforce the kids to make work. Market gives inducement to kids so they attract the kids. Generally it ‘s happens that in markets prefer child alternatively of grownup. Because, for little work grownup demand more rewards, but in instance of kid, kid ne’er demand more money and hence stay in market. On that status market gives some inducement. So this type of market status demand more figure of child labors. Market prefermore figure of child labor because, one historical analyses comes out that kid labors are easy to command and they work with full concentration. Change in engineering besides leads to do addition in demand of child labor. As a assistant market prefer more child labor. Because engineering has reduced the work burd en so they do non like grownups labour for more work in this status they demand child labour as a assistant ( Sonia Bhalotra, 2003 ) . Consequence ON CHILD LABOUR Child labor is largely in developing states in Asia, Africa and Latin America. It is broad distributing. This broad spreading incident causes inauspicious consequence on kid. It affects the wellness and their developmental. Due to difficult work they suffer with scrawny growing. Their work is frequently risky and has great hazard with assorted occupational diseases. In some state kids work in pesticide mills and other chemical based mills in this conditions child mortality rate has been increasing ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . Registration in school and dropout instances increase after child labor. Most informations set describe an reverse correlativity between child labor and instruction. Child maltreatment besides arises from child labor. Because kids go for work in different topographic points in instanc e of acquiring more end product store or mills proprietor abuse them. Child maltreatment is common in fabric companies, little store, in this state of affairs they are exploited by the mills proprietors. Factories proprietors exploit in sense of more on the job hours and twenty-four hours by paying same rewards ( W. Mark, N. Robert and R. Natalia, 1998 ) . CHILD LABOUR AND PEOPLE VIEW Group of people say child labour non affects the kids instruction instead makes to kids self sustain. Harmonizing to human perceptual experience age of kids is for larning. If kids learn in childhood so it will be better for future. A kid earns money so it is non bad because he can gain money for paying school fee and for pocket sweeps. Many households have no get good support with economic status. In this state of affairs they send to kids for earn. Family members give support for making work because kids are the productive beginning and they can increase the wealth of the house. Most data sets descri be an reverse correlativity between instruction and child labor. If we see at micro level so it is unsurprising as these are viing usage of clip for gaining. Children from Ethiopia, kid work in rural Ethiopia may let kids to pay for school fee, and bring forthing a positive relationship with household and others ( Rose and Al-Samarrai, 1997 ) . At a clip kids can make both reading and work so it is more economical efficient. In the clip changeless job, engagement in school and work are jointly give more results. In this instance, household and child both acquire benefit. In this state of affairs add excess cost benefit in state ‘s economic system. CHILD LABOUR AND HUMAN RIGHT In some instances people think child labor is non a human right misdemeanor. I think it is illegal and promotes many societal related issues. More market demand of child labour leads to do kid trafficking. In Pakistan, kid trafficking is really serious job, where most of the trafficked Bengali kids are so ld. There are about 200,000 adult females and kids in the slave trade. Lawyers for Human Rights and Legal Aid ( LHRLA ) of Pakistan have reported that more than 19,000 kids from the different parts chiefly from Middle East have been trafficked and all kids holding age in between 2 old ages to 11 old ages. Trafficked have been occurred through camel jockeys to the Middle East, a trade that can give cost for their lives. Human are traveling against the human right misdemeanor non merely through the kid trafficking instead they have been making child harlotry. Harmonizing to LHRLA study about 40,000 kids are in harlotry in Pakistan ( ILO-IPEC, IPEC In Action, Pakistan, 1998 ) . Unwanted group of people they call to kids with the aid of other clients. These clients come in contact with those people who are hapless, and holding no resources for income coevals. These clients give good occupation offer to their kids but, they are liar. And therefore these parents became agree to direct ain kids for work. They do non cognize what will be happened. After that these client sell them to other for few money. They do non cognize what humanistic disciplines are? They pick kid from needed household or hapless household, sometime they forcefully pick kids from the family. They forcefully send the kids in to madrassas for preparation as a activist ( ILO-IPEC, IPEC In Action, Pakistan, 1998 ) . They are work against human right. Children are come on Earth for making better development non for development. Many Torahs have been made by different bureau and organisation against child labor. Main maps of the Torahs are to protect kid lives and supply better platform for development. Children ‘s Right International Mission is to advance the meaningful execution of the United Nations Conventions on the Right of the Child ( ‘the Convention ‘ ) by conveying together Judgess, attorneies, instructors, professionals, and other protagonism to advance, protect and move on the involvement of kids. The mission of CRI is to supervise and promote the success application of the rule of the Convention and besides to develop and help the individual in kids ‘s right protagonism ( Bill Jackson, Australia, 2008 ) . In favour of kids ‘s right the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) has been introduced Torahs in signifiers of Child Labour Convention No. 182 ( C182 ) and ( R190 ) , address the right issues whether new attacks to protecting the kids ‘s right and fulfilment of their demand ( Bill Jackson, Australia, 2008 ) . Child trafficking is a end point of child labors so authorities which have non yet use scheme so for commanding trafficking should use UN protocol to prevents and should make full spread between authorities policy and pattern ( Mike Dottridge, 2004 ) . CHILD LABOUR AND DEVELOPMENT To do universe free from child labor so foremost we have to alter our head set up. We know all the things but wittingly we have done. We will hold to alter our perceptual experience. Children are guiltless and do non cognize about huge universe. We should give regard to kids ‘s right and labour rights. Labour rights to happen in supply concatenation. Many big companies of the universe like Reebok International Ltd. , Levi Strauss, IKEA say ‘no child labor ‘ . ( A. Balaguer, UNICEF ) . These companies do non work with concern spouses that use child labor. These companies are profit doing but they no societal norms and duties. On the other manus other companies do non give regard to kids ‘s right and labor rights and they start development of the labor particularly child labor. these companies ever arrange run intoing on homo right criterions and ever making scrutinizing and monitoring to forestall child labor. We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour and devolopment Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour and devolopment Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Child labour and devolopment Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Free Essays on Trials And Tribulations Of Bill

The Trials and Tribulations of Bill I am the root of all evil. I am the solution to poverty. I can make you dead, or alive. I have been placed in the vaults of important men, used for the purchase of a house, I have been used for the salvation of souls in purgatory, a child’s first bike. I shape the lives of all I touch in an irrefutable way, irreversible change is what I represent, infinite connotation. I am inspiration and I am degradation, this is my existence, my identity. My dream, my drive to survive all this bullshit is to one day be used to feed the mouth of a hungry child. You’ll see the daily crap I have to go through, with no control only an immense awareness and an impeccable memory, it is a blessing and a damnation at once. Simultaneous contradiction is my state of being. I once was crisp and clean, starched and bright, now I’m tattered and torn, dirty and worn yet my value is unchanging. This is my identity, my saga, and my drama. I have existed for thousands of years with unerring significance and power. Currently an aspect of me, F36360810R, resides in the Donation Jar at 7/11. F36360810R will be telling you about his own life, in order for you to gain better insight into your own exploits, and debaucheries. Little thought is given to the origins and adventures that a single Federal Reserve note has. I am F36360810R, but you may call me Bill. I am but a part in a much larger matrix, my importance is minimal but I am also the keystone of the whole operation. I’m staying at the fabulous Donation Jar at 7/11; it’s a great place really much better than the last dump I stayed in. It is my dream to be used to feed somebody; I have been used for many other purposes but have never fed anyone. That’s why I’m so excited to be in this jar, my intended final destination is Ethiopia where I will be used to save children from starvation. You may be curiou... Free Essays on Trials And Tribulations Of Bill Free Essays on Trials And Tribulations Of Bill The Trials and Tribulations of Bill I am the root of all evil. I am the solution to poverty. I can make you dead, or alive. I have been placed in the vaults of important men, used for the purchase of a house, I have been used for the salvation of souls in purgatory, a child’s first bike. I shape the lives of all I touch in an irrefutable way, irreversible change is what I represent, infinite connotation. I am inspiration and I am degradation, this is my existence, my identity. My dream, my drive to survive all this bullshit is to one day be used to feed the mouth of a hungry child. You’ll see the daily crap I have to go through, with no control only an immense awareness and an impeccable memory, it is a blessing and a damnation at once. Simultaneous contradiction is my state of being. I once was crisp and clean, starched and bright, now I’m tattered and torn, dirty and worn yet my value is unchanging. This is my identity, my saga, and my drama. I have existed for thousands of years with unerring significance and power. Currently an aspect of me, F36360810R, resides in the Donation Jar at 7/11. F36360810R will be telling you about his own life, in order for you to gain better insight into your own exploits, and debaucheries. Little thought is given to the origins and adventures that a single Federal Reserve note has. I am F36360810R, but you may call me Bill. I am but a part in a much larger matrix, my importance is minimal but I am also the keystone of the whole operation. I’m staying at the fabulous Donation Jar at 7/11; it’s a great place really much better than the last dump I stayed in. It is my dream to be used to feed somebody; I have been used for many other purposes but have never fed anyone. That’s why I’m so excited to be in this jar, my intended final destination is Ethiopia where I will be used to save children from starvation. You may be curiou...

Project Management Academic Project Report Essay

Project Management Academic Project Report - Essay Example Enthusiasm about chances for success of this project is disagreed upon weakly (3). Support from top management another strong critical factor scoring an average percentile of 64.5 percent. Both the EMEA general manager and EMEA project manager indicated a 66 percent score, the head office engineers recorded an 83 percent score and EMEA engineers came in with the lowest score of 43 percent. It is moderately disagreed (2) that the management will support project personnel in a crisis (Pinto 1990, 173). The third strong factor in EMEA project is the technical tasks that, on average, had a percentile score of 82.25%. EMEA project manager had the highest individual percentile score in regards to technical tasks, 94% while head office engineers scored 89% on their ranking for technical tasks. The EMEA general manager was third, scoring a 77%, while EMEA engineers were last with a 69% score. There was, however, no disagreement on technical support. The average percentile score of 60.5% qualifies client acceptance as the other strong critical factor in the set of ten. EMEA project manager had the highest percentile score of 97% with respect to client acceptance and the head office engineers followed with a 63% score. EMEA engineers scored 51% on client acceptance while EMEA general manager scored the least with a 31%. It is weakly disagreed (3) that there is adequate presentation of the project has been developed for clients (Pinto 1990, 173). The average percentile score for monitoring and feedback as the other strong critical factor is 63.5%. EMEA project manager had the highest individual percentile score in monitoring and feedback, scoring 89%. EMEA general manager was second with an individual percentile score of 77% and EMEA engineers who scored 51% followed. The lowest scorer in monitoring and feedback were the head office engineers with a 37%. It is moderately disagreed (2) that the actual progress is regularly compared with the project

Religious Cultural artifacts of India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Cultural artifacts of India - Essay Example Amongst the most vivacious illustration of admired visual art found in Indian towns and cities are the religious posters and calendars showing saints, and places of reverence and worship, obtainable at many roadside stalls near temples, mosques, and ornamented at walls inside homes, shops, or in worship-corners. While such visual depiction may have existed in the past in popular forms of painting, the introduction of printing press and the mass construction industry in the 20th century transformed it into a matured mass culture, characterized by its own popular aesthetics, the interpretation of the myths, and the marketing strategy. While it is simple to find religious posters and charts for a Hindu follower in hefty numbers and variety, it is also not difficult to get posters depicting Muslim themes and legends. Although most Muslim posters available in India portray the shrines at Mecca and Medina or the Quranic verses in calligraphy, one can also discover the portraits of saints, their shrines, and the miracles, represented as brilliantly as in a typical Hindu mythological picture. The metaphors of the shrines at Mecca and Medina in Saudi-Arabia, the major religious center for the Muslims, are the most extensively used sanctified icons of popular culture amongst Muslim population all over the world. The cube-shaped shrine of Mecca, to which the Muslims turn for prayers, and the green dome of Medina, surrounded by the minarets, the names Allah and Muhammad in large Arabic calligraphy, and possibly, a crescent and star, are icons that can be seen in almost every Muslim family in some structure or the other - a photo realistic painting or a creative variation, by a performer who probably never gone to Arabia, or may not essentially be a Muslim! As the creation of portraits, other than that of Mecca and Medina, is generally not considered as a right act in Islam, the written words are of supreme importance, the calligraphy of Quranic verses and other blessed tex ts is the next preference of the Muslim artists. For years, the Perso-Arabic calligraphists have also been making art with the 'pictorialization' of the text, turning words into shapes of animals, birds, human postures, and other inanimate objects. This, even though has been treasured in the Muslim world as a innovation, has also met with some disapproval. Nevertheless, one can find a wide variety of calligraphic themes in the Indian trendy posters. The more appealing theme, the heart of this study, is the interpretation of Muslim saints, their miracles and other tradition. Many posters depict the images of the mausoleums or the tomb complexes of famous saints, often with the personage of the saint himself, complete with the icons of his strange mythology and miracles, such as the vicious animals he disciplined, the oceans he crossed on barefoot, and so on. Similar to the tradition of Hindu gods and goddesses, the Muslim saints are shown with extra charisma and glowing personalities , wearing imposing robes and turbans. CULTURAL ARTIFACT AND ITS IMPACT: The religious posters participate actively in what can be called the stereotyping of the representation of certain communities and of the genders. A young woman or a child, if

My Six Millennium Development Goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Six Millennium Development Goals - Essay Example While the world most powerful countries boost of their economic achievement, some communities in developing nations lavish in extreme poverty. The stories about people living in extreme poverty are not only sickening but also heartbreaking. It is arguable that when a person lives in poverty, he or she is not able to acquire other necessities such as education, good healthcare among others. The World Bank and the UN have indicated that they have made incredible work in ameliorating the poverty scourge. If I were to assign a letter grade to this specific goal, I would give it an A. This is due to the fact that the United Nations shows efforts to eradicate poverty irrespective of the fierce financial crisis. The target for the extreme poverty MDG is to reduce the current prevalence by half. The UN report shows that many communities leaving under extreme poverty lacked essential needs such as water, food, and shelter. The aforementioned needs are critical to human existence. The progress ive report indicates that the project would meet its deadline. Liberty activists contend that extreme poverty is an indication of deprived rights. Most governments are part of UN accord, which advocates for human liberty. Hunger hampers social and economic development because it influences the ability of an individual to contribute towards nation building. This MDG is critical to the future of the world because the liberty that the society claims to enjoy is evident through social interactions.... The aforementioned needs are critical to human existence. The progressive report indicates that the project would meet its deadline. Liberty activists contend that extreme poverty is an indication of deprived rights. Most governments are part of UN accord, which advocates for human liberty. Target 1 B/ Fight against Hunger Hunger hampers social and economic development because it influences the ability of an individual to contribute towards nation building. This MDG is critical to the future of the world because the liberty that the society claims to enjoy is evident through social interactions. Social theorist believe that the fabric that holds the society depend on human satisfaction. Unfortunately, hunger influences a person’s contribution to social growth. Factors, which limit individual independence, may attract social delinquency in meeting these needs. For instance, a hungry society may not be able to think beyond a means that would enable it to receive food. This means criminal activities are options that the community can adapt to fight hunger. The grade I would assign United Nations in this goal is A- since fighting hunger with the present financial and climate instabilities is hard. The target of this goal is halve the prevalence rate by 2015. The United Nations and the World Bank have contributed in reducing the prevalence of hunger by initiating projects that will empower the affected communities. The UN and World Bank have collaborated with the respective governments in the affected regions such as Sub Saharan Africa, funding sustainable agricultural projects in order to empower the society. The aim of such project intends to

Characteristics of the Clothing Industry

Characteristics of the Clothing Industry The high quality fashion market is based on modern technology which has a relatively well paid labour force and designers with various degrees of flexibility. Many firms within this industry try to capture the market through various designs which is targeted at meeting the taste and preference of consumers. Most of the firms under the high quality fashion markets are in the developed and industrialized countries. The mass production low-quality/standard products markets are found in the developing countries. These categories are basically involved in the production of uniforms, under wears, t-shirts and many more. They are found in exporting zones working with major importers if the industrialized countries. Outsourcing in this market is basically to household productions, (Nordas, 2004). The Clothing industries operate under free import quotas. This means that both clothing and textile industries do not have to pay import tariffs when importing raw materials connected to clothing and textiles. These tariffs are made possible by the World Trade Organisation, to improve the importation of varied clothing among producing countries. As a result of the protectionism, many developing countries producing clothing were able to survive the industry. This however did not go well with the developed countries since there were great competition between the developing countries like China and the developed countries. On the part of employment, the industry has engaged the services of millions of people worldwide and also with other individuals who are not registered but work in their homes and factories. The industry was the first to trade on a global dimension, simply because of the low barriers in entering the production of clothing. The industry is governed by the international labour laws, employing the most sensitive part of the labour force with females and ethnic minority as the leading employees. Most of the employees are immigrants. The European community, and the US and UK also have blacks as the major employees of the industry. Most of the producing countries in the developing world have females as the majority of employees in the industry. As indicated above, the total labour force of the clothing industry is made up of 80% of women. This is largely due to the fact that women are immobile and therefore are able to take care of domestic chores. A greater number of the female workforce is also unskilled or semi-skilled. In the developing countries, many of the workers spend up to 12-14 hours per day and are paid with very low wages, THE PRODUCTION CIRCUIT The clothing industry is part of a large circuit which involves the production of textiles. The industry is more fragmented organisationally and less technological in nature. The industry outsource most of it components and products. The garment industry therefore produces to unpredicted consumer markets. The industry serves as a distribution point for all garments. Through retailer efforts, the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s geography has been shaped accordingly. The industry is also known as a buyer driven industry, in the sense that they purchase most of the raw materials from producing countries worldwide. There are six stages that individual producing countries have passed through, that is from the embryonic stage to the maturity and decline stage of the development process of the clothing industry. This can be seen in (Figure 1 below). The stages indicate how raw materials flow within the industry, from the fabric production stage, design, preparation, production, distribution and consumption stage. In the reverse state is the information flow from customer orders down to the fabric production stage. There is no much technological change since inception of the clothing industry. The majority still uses the manual operations due to the complex nature of the production process. The clothing industry can be related to a supply chain function, where activities flow from raw materials to textile designs, apparel plants through distribution centers and other retail stores to consumers. The chain is seen as an integrated network of marketing from production stage to the finish product to consumers. The various activities are located where each can be able to make a contribution to the value of the finished product. The various variables considered in the industry include quality, cost, reliability, access to quality inputs and transportation cost. From the figure 2 above, the black lines represents the flow of goods whereas the white lines represent the flow of information. The arrows indicate Demand-Pull System, where the design of a product is made from customer orders, (Nordas, 2004). The supply chain indicates the interplay of several companies, where logistics and other services are coordinated. In the industrialized countries, most companies engage the ser vices of consultants or independent service providers in the provision of logistics. PRODUCTION COST AND TECHNOLOGY The clothing industry is characterized by low intensity of capital and high intensity of labour. The plant size is very small with simple technology. Figure 4 represent percentage of leading exporters of Clothing worldwide. The figure compares percentage of 2000 and 2011. Asia dominates the clothing industry in-terms of exports with over 50% of world market. China has doubled their share within 11years of operation, with approx. 37% of the total exports worldwide. Closely followed is the European Union and Euro extra with a combined total of 35% of world export share, which I a combination of intra regional exports. Figure 5 represents share in value for exporters for 2011. China leads with 38% representing 154 billion Dollars in 2011, (www.wto.org) European union closely follows with 36% of Share in value representing 144billion US Dollars including intra regional trade. Bangladesh also did better in 2011 with a share in value of 5%, representing an amount of 20billion US Dollars, www.wto.org). LEADING IMPORTERS ( SHARE IN VALUE AND PERCENTAGE) The EU is the leading importer of clothing worldwide, with combined percentage of 67.2% of total imports. The EU imports much of its clothing from China. Available records indicates that EU imports about 39% if Clothing from China, 14% from Turkey, 7.7% from India, 6.3% from Bangladesh and 3.6% from Tunisia, ( www.ec.europa.eu). It is also evidenced that China exports clothing more than imports. Whereas China leads in exporting clothing, in-terms of imports, they only imports about 0.90% of world clothing. The US is the second largest importer of clothing as evidenced on figure 4 above. The US imports about 20.5% of clothing in the country, followed by Japan with 7.6%. The remaining countries imports less than 3% worldwide respectively, (WTO 2011 chart II.69) The share in value for the leading importer of clothing (EU) is 60%, representing an amount of 290Billion Dollars. The EU is therefore the largest importer of clothing worldwide. The US is the second largest importer of clothing with about 18% share in value, representing 89 Billion US Dollars TOP TEN SUPPLIERS The clothing industry has about ten major suppliers. China plays a leading role with about 29.45million Euros in 2011 as compared to 2007 where it made a supply of approximately 21.9million Euros. Bangladesh also improved in their supply in 2011 with 7.5million Euros as compared with 2007 with a supply of 4.4million Euros. India also had a slight increase in supply for 2011 with approximately 4.5million Euros as compared to 2007 where the supply was approx. 3.8million Euros. However, Turkey had a decline in supply in 2011 with an amount of 8.2million Euros as compared with 2007 with approx. 8.9million Euros. Other countries like Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Vietnam had their supply below 2million Euros as evidenced on figure 2. Top 10 suppliers in clothing (million Euros) Basic characteristics of the industry (share in value added and employment, structure and  characteristics of the production process) The role of trade policy (multilateral tariffs and quotas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“grey area protectionism, trade conflicts, preferential trade, etc.) Trade policies are rules and regulations governing the operations of international trade among countries worldwide. Trade policies play a major role in the industrialization of the clothing and textiles market. Regarding market access, trade policies TEXTILES AND CLOTHING AGREEMENT The textiles and clothing industry has long history in-terms of agreement for protection in trade across the US and Europe. Voluntary export restraints were agreed upon by China, Japan, Hong Kong, and India to enable them export cotton products to the US in the 1950s. The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs were incorporated in the agreement with the Long Term Agreement (LTA) on Cotton. This agreement was later replaced by the Multi-Fibre Agreement in 1974, (Nordas, 2004). The main purpose of the MFA was to open up the restricted markets so to limit the disruptions of markets. The MFA was also extended to cover all man-made fibres in-terms of restrictions. However, according to Nordas 2004, the MFA violated the multilateral system principles as follows: The most favoured principle was not adhered to Instead applying tariffs, it rather applied quantitative restrictions Developing countries were discriminated against It was not also very transparent for easy understanding By 1st January, 2005, the Textiles and Clothing were fully integrated in GATT which also gave way for quotas to be fully integrated making it easy for member countries to trade without trade barriers. In the views of Nordas, the eliminating quotas lead to welfare economic gains of about 42% of the Uruguay round liberation, and about 65% for dynamic models. In her view, Nordas indicated that much of the Welfare gains went to the importing countries where as the exporting countries made welfare loss through the static version of the model and welfare gain through the dynamic model. A tripartite committee report on promoting fair globalization in textiles and clothing indicates that phasing out quotas will benefit China, being the leader in exporting of clothing in the industry, where as the importing countries will lose market share, (www.ilo.org) . The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) ended in 2004, which led to an increase in competition in the clothing market. Some countries were affected as a result of the new entrants of the Asian countries like Vietnam and Cambodia, and other competitors like India and Bangladesh which are traditional exporters. This led to a decline in the importation of clothing from the affected countries by the US at an annual rate of 13.4%. With the implementation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) which were imposed by the US and EU on the importation of textiles and clothing from China, inroads were created for some developing countries to experience marginal growth in their exports. The PTAs also made it possible for small countries like Madagascar and Haiti to increase their exports by 26% and 15% respectively, (www.ito.org). THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT The US Free Trade Agreements has given the textiles and apparel industry the opportunity to enter in the world market and compete freely. The agreement enables the reduction of tariffs rates and improves the intellectual property rules and regulations, (Web.ita.doc.gov). The US has therefore signed agreements with the following countries and Institutions on textile and clothing industry. Notable among them are; Australia, Bahrain, CAFTA-DR, Chile, Colombia, Israel, Korea, Morocco, NAFTA, Oman, Panama, Peru and Singapore, (www.otexa.ita.doc). These agreements assist foreign governments to ensure that non-discriminating laws and regulations are enforced to streamline trade relations between the US and member countries, (www.otexa.ita.doc). The FTA provides that transparent measures be put in place for effective rules to be enforced. The FTA also ensures that all non-tariff barriers are removed completely, which opens the markets of the member countries to the US products. Under this ag reement, all goods that qualify are said to be duty free the US markets.

aristotle Essay examples -- essays research papers

Aristotle Politics Aristotle in his book politics, argues that the political association is the highest form of human association , and making all his conclusions based on the assumption that ‘polis’ is the best and only sensible political system. He further adds that political association is the most sovereign and aims at the highest good Politics is largely an attempt to determine or rather prove that political association is the best suited way for securing the happiness of its members or as called in ‘politics’ the citizens .The interest of the polis and its citizens were seen to be the same since both the city and man aimed for happiness as the ultimate goal. According to Aristotle, life has no existence outside the confines of the city and that it is not the city that exists to serve the needs of the individual but is a mere part and the city is more important than the individual Aristotle’s admiration of the social system in a polis shows his support to the slavery. The polis consisted of citizens which men were born to citizen parent’s women children and slaves. Men were considered to be the only rational creation and had to engage and contribute in the political association of the city, while slaves were used for work. Aristotle’s above argument had some major weakness and flaws in it, he address the salves as non-rational, and it’s in there best interest to serve there masters, who would give them a rational vision. The main drawbac...